Anatomy & Physiology Midterm 2025

Pathway that goes from stimulus to brain

afferent

pathway that goes from brain to muscle

efferent

mechanism that returns the level of a chemical or condition back to set point level

negative feedback

examples of negative feedback

sweating, goosebumps

process in which changes cause additional similar changes that produce unstable conditions

positive feedback

examples of positive feedback

blood clotting, giving birth

deals with the structure of the body parts of the body you can see

ex: brain, bone, heart, eye

anatomy

studies the function of body parts

physiology

Levels of organization of the body (small to big)

atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

above

superior

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

below

inferior

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

front

anterior

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

back

posterior

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

towards midpoint

medial

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

far from midpoint

lateral

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

close to midpoint (limbs)

proximal

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

far from midpoint (limbs)

distal

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

outside of body

superficial

ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY:

under the skin

deep

plane of the body that cuts it left and right

sagittal

plane of the body that cuts it top and bottom

transverse

plane of body that cuts it front and back

frontal

head neck and trunk

axial

arms and legs

appendicular

4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

4 main functions of epithelial tissues

protection, absorption, filtration, secretion

one layered tissue

simple

more than one layer tissue

stratified

what kind of tissue is this?

simple squamous

What kind of tissue is this?

simple cuboidal

What type of tissue is this?

simple columnar

What type of tissue is this?

pseudostratified columnar

What type of tissue is this?

transitional epithelia

the most abundant & widely distributed tissue type in the body

connective tissue

Functions of connective tissue

protection, support, binding together body parts

Types of connective tissue

bone, cartilage, dense connective, loose connective, blood

3 types of cartilage

hyaline, fibro, elastic

What is the most abundant type of cartilage in the body?

hyaline

What type of connective tissue is avascular?

cartilage

What are the type of fibers in the ECM in conenctive tissue?

collagen, elastic, reticular

attach muscles to bone

tendons

connect bones to bones

ligaments

Types of dense connective tissue

tendons and ligaments

Types of loose connective tissue

areolar, adipose, reticular

What is the most widely distributed conenctive tissue in the whole body?

areolar

What type of tissue is this?

muscle

What type of tissue is this?

areolar

What type of tissue is this?

adipose

What type of tissue is this?

reticular

Function of muscle tissue

contracts and shortens to produce movement

3 types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

What type of muscle tissues are voluntarily controlled?

skeletal

What type of muscle tissues are involuntarily controlled?

cardiac, smooth

What types of muscle tissues are striated?

skeletal & cardiac

What type of muscle tissues are not striated?

smooth

Function of nervous tissue

irritability and conductivity

Two types of nervous tissue

neurons and glia

replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of cells

regeneration

replacement of destroyed tissue with scar tissue

fibrosis

4 steps of tissue repair

injury occurs

capillaries allow clotting proteins to go to wound

• clot forms

granulation tissue forms under scab

surface epithelium regenerates below scab

What type of tissue the easiest to heal?

epithelial

What type of tissues are replaced by scar tissue?

connective and nervous

ductless glands that produce hormones

endocrine

have ducts and empty secretions through the ducts onto the epithelial surface
(eg sweat & oil glands)

exocrine

What body cavity is A?

cranial

What body cavity is B?

vertebral

What body cavity is C?

thoracic

What body cavity is D?

abdominal

What body cavity is E?

pelvic

What body cavity is F?

abdominopelvic

Function of the Integumentary system

protection for deeper tissues

temperature regulation

aids in excretion of acids

synthesizes Vitamin D

What are the 3 layers of skiin

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

5 layers of the epidermis in order

corneum

lucidum

granulosum

spinosum

basale

Which layer of the epidermis can you only find on your palms of your hands and feet?

lucidum

Two regions of the dermis

papillary and reticular

What is the hypodermis made of?

adipose tissue

pigment in the skin that provides skin’s color

melanin

protein that fills your skin making it waterproof

keratin

are nails living or nonliving

nonliving

oil glands

sebaceous

sebaceous glands produce oil through what

hair follicles

Two kinds of sweat glands

eccrine and aprocrine

What is the most numerous sweat gland and is located all over the body

eccrine

What type of sweat gland has ducts that empty into hair follicles

apocrine

What are the three types of skin cancer?

basal cell carcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

malignant melanoma

Squamous cell carcinoma affects what layer of the epidermis

spinosum

least malignant and most common skin cancer

basal cell carcinoma

Most serious form of skin cancer

malignant melanoma

ABCDE rule- what does each letter stand for

assymmetry

border

color

diameter

evolving

First degree burns damage what layer of skin

epidermis

2nd degree burns damage what layers of skin

epidermis and upper dermis

3rd degree burns damage what layers of skin

all except hypodermis

Is regeneration of skin possible with 3rd degree burns?

no

blue appearance of the skin or nail beds common in heart failure and severe breathing disorders)

cyanosis

the white crescent area located over the nail matrix is called the

lunula

red skin, can indicate embarrassment, fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

erythema

yellow discoloration caused by bile in the blood as a result of liver or gallbladder disease

jaundice

pale skin, can indicate fear or anger as well as anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow

pallor

excessive sweating without activity

hyperhydrosis

itchy red peeling of skin between toes from a fungal infection

athletes foot