Torso: Bones

Neck

What is the cervical vertebrae apart of?

7

How many cervical vertebrae is there?

Upper back

what does thoracic mean?

12

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Lower back

What does lumbar mean?

5

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many sacrum vertebrae are there?

5

How many coccyx vertebrae are there?

Thoracic and sacral curves

What are the primary or accommodation curves?

Primary curves

present during fetal development

Accommodation curves

accommodate internal organs

Lumbar and cervical curves

What are the secondary or compensation curves?

Secondary curves

appear after birth

Compensation curves

shift body weight for upright posture

Kyphosis

An exaggerated thoracic and cervical curvature

Lordosis

Exaggerated lumbar curvature

Lordosis

Pregnant women over overweight males can develop this

Scoliosis

Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column

Vertebral body

anterior; bares most of the body weight

Vertebral foramen

contains the spinal cord

vertebral arch

posterior margin of vertebral foramen

Pedicles

walls

Lamina

roof

Vertebral processes

What attaches to the pedicle and lamina?

Articular processes

articulate with vertebra above and below

Spinous process

posterior projection off the laminae; attachment points for muscles

Transverse process

Lateral projections; attachment points for muscles

Intervertebral foramina

produced by the articulation of two vertebra

Intervertebral foramina

spinal nerves pass through this

Vertebral canal

formed by continuous vertebral foramina; encloses the spinal cord

Intervertebral discs

pads of fibrocartilage that separate the vertebral bodies

Intervertebral discs

symphysis joint that absorb shocks

Transverse foramina

holes through transverse processes

Atlas

Has no body or spinous process

Axis

transverse foramen, has a body, with the dens attached

Dens

anterior, superior projection of the axis

Dens

forms from the fusing of the atlas and axis bodies during fetal development

Dens

Forms a pivoting articulation with the transverse ligament

Thoracic vertebrae

long, slender, spinous process that projects posteriorly and inferiorly

Thoracic vertebrae

smaller vertebral foramen than in cervical

Thoracic vertebrae

costal facets for articulating with the ribs

Lumbar Region

large, thick, oval shaped bodies

Lumbar vertebrae

Spinous processes are short and heavy

Sacrum

curved more in males than in females

Sacrum

protects reproductive, urinary, and digestive organs

Sacrum

Attaches the axial skeleton to pelivc girdle

adult sacrum

Consists of five fused sacral vertebrae

adult sacrum

Fuses between puberty and ages 25-30

adult sacrum

Leaving transverse lines

Sacrum base

broad superior surface

Sacrum apex

narrow inferior portion that articulates with the coccyx

sacral promontory

at the center of the base

Sacrum ala

wings at either side of the base to attach muscles

Sacral canal

superior; replaces the vertebral canal

Sacral hiatus

opening at the inferior end of the sacral canal formed by ridges of sacral cornua

Sacral foramina

4 holes on either side of the median sacral crest- replaces the intervertebral foramen

median sacral crest of sacrum

fused spinous processes

Lateral sacral crest

fused transverse processes

Coccyx

attaches ligament and a constricting muscle of the anus

Coccyx

Consists of five fused coccygeal vertebrae

Coccygeal cornua

formed by laminae of first coccygeal vertebra

True ribs

What are ribs 1-7?

vertebrosternal ribs

connected to the sternum by costal cartilages

False ribs

What are ribs 8-12?

vertebrochondral ribs

Ribs 8-10; cartilage fuses together and merges with cartilage #7

Floating or vertebral ribs

ribs 11-12 connect only to the vertebrae and back muscles and have no connection with the sternum

Sternum

a flat bone in the midline of the thoracic wall with three parts

Manubrium

The superior portion of the sternum

Manubrium

broad, triangular shape

Manubrium

articulates with clavicles and with cartilages of the first rib pair

jugular notch

superior

sternal body

attaches the costal cartilages of ribs 2-6 as well as the superior part of rib pair 7

Xiphoid process

inferior, smallest part of the sternum, attaches the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles, and the inferior part of the costal cartilages of rib pair 7