Bio Functional Groups/Macromolecules

Pyrimidines

Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil

Purines

Adenine, Guanine

Structural Isomers

same molecular/empirical formula but different structure

geometric isomers

inflexibility of doubles bonds in carbons

- cis = same side

- trans = opposite sides

Enantiomers/optical isomers

Mirror image molecules (opposites)

Hydroxyl

—OH

• alcohol

• simple sugars: glycerol

Carbonyl

—C=O

Aldehydes

—C=O on end

Ketones

—C=O in middle

Carboxyl

—COOH

• acid

• conjugate base is COO-

• in amino acids

Amino

—NH2

• base

• conjugate acid is NH3+

• in amino acids

Phosphate

—PO42- (OPO3 ^-2)

• conjugate base of acid H3PO4

• in phospholipids and nucleotides

Sulfhydryl

—SH

• create disulfide bridge (S-S)

• thiols

• in cysteine (amino acid)

What two monomers make up Sucrose?

Glucose + Fructose

what 2 monomers make up lactose

Galactose + Glucose

what 2 monomers make up Maltose

glucose + glucose

Carbohydrates functions:

• structural support

• storage of energy

what bond is a carbohydrate?

glycosidic (alpha/beta)

what elements is carbohydrates made up of?

C, H, O

what are the simple sugars of Carbohydrates?

• glucose

• fructose

• galactose

dissacharides of Carbohydrates?

• sucrose

• maltose

polysaccharides of Carbohydrates?

• starch

• glycogen

• cellulose

• chitin

Lipids functions:

• storage of energy

• regulate temp

• cushioning

*** nonpolar and soluble in organic solvents

what type of bond is lipids?

ester

fats:

• glycerol and fatty acids

• highly non polar (DOES NOT MIX WITH WATER)

• store energy and insulate temp

saturated fat:

• has H

• no C=C bonds

• solid at room temp

• dense (tightly packed)

• in animal fats (butter)

unsaturated fat:

• no H

• has C=C bonds

• liquid at room temp

• loosely packed

• in plant fats (olive oil)

phospholipids function:

• barrier in cellular membrane

• provide cushioning

• determines permeability of membrane

phospholipids are made up of:

• glycerol

• 2 fatty acids

• phosphate group

• another chemical group

what is it called when a molecule is both hydrophobic and hydrophobic?

amphipathic

what are caratenoids?

• color pigments in chlorophyll

• vitamin A in animals

• 5 carbon isoprene units

what are steroids?

• 4 fused carbon rings

• growth hormones: testosterone/estradiol

• -ol is alcohol

• -one is ketone

what elements are proteins made out of?

C, H, O, N, S (somtimes)

protein functions?

• storage of energy

• transport

• metabolism (enzymes)

• hormones (insulin)

• immune system

• communication (signalling)

• movement

proteins are made up of what group ?

• carboxyl

• amino

what type of bond is protein?

peptide

what is the primary structure of a protein?

amino acid sequence (coding of DNA)

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

folding of polypeptide by h-bond

alpha helix (secondary)

h-bonds create spiral shape (wool)what

beta pleated sheets (secondary)

opposite running strands (silk)

what is the tertiary structure of a protein?

• makes 3D shape of protein (irregular bonding)

• disulfide bond (S-S) of cysteines

what is the quarternary structure of a protein?

interaction of 2 polypeptides

what are the elements of nucleic acid?

C, H, O, N, P

nucleic acid functions:

• energy molecules (ATP)

• e- carriers and cofactors (NAD+)

• genetic material (DNA)

• regulation of gene expression (DNA)

• protein synthesis (RNA)

what are nucleic acids made of?

• nitrogen bases

• pentose sugar

• phosphate

RNA

• A:U, G:C

• made up of nitrogen base + ribose + phosphate

• single stranded, complex variable secondary structure

• mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

• has extra OH-

DNA

• A:T, G:C

• double stranded, double helix structure

• stores genetic info and replicates, codes for RNA

• more stable than RNA due to 2x strand and lack of OH- (2’)

nucleoside

nitrogen base + ribose

nucleotide

nitrogen base + ribose + phosphate

strongest to weakest bonds

• covalent

• ionic

• h-bond

• hydrophobic/philic

• van der waals