AP human geographer Semester 2 Vocab, Unit 5-7

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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134 Terms

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UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

17 goals, examples: no poverty, zero hunger, good health and well being, quality education

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Just-in-time delivery

Shipment of parts and materials to arrive at a factory moments before they are needed

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3

economies of scale

the property whereby long-run average total cost falls as the quantity of output increases

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4

Export-Processing Zones (EPZs)

Small areas of a country with exceptional investment and trading conditions that are created by its government to stimulate and attract foreign investors and business

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5

Special Economic Zones (SEZs)

specific area within a country in which tax incentives and less stringent environmental regulations are implemented to attract foreign business and investment

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6

primary sector

portion of a country's economy employed in extracting natural resources

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7

secondary sector

portion of a country's economy employed in processing natural resources

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8

tertiary sector

the service sector; consists of providing services to people and businesses

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9

quaternary sector

the knowledge-based sector that includes research and development, business consulting, financial services, education, public administration, and software development

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10

quinary sector

highest levels of decision-making and includes the top officials the top officials in various levels of government and business

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11

Alfred Weber/Least Cost Theory

explains the key decisions made by businesses about where to locate factories; attempts to predict the location of a manufacturing site relative to the location of the resources needed to produce the product and where the final product will be sold (market)

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12

agglomeration

the spatial grouping of businesses in order to share costs, as when several factories share the cost of building an access road to connect with a public highway

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13

outsourcing

contracting work out to non-company employees or other countries

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14

newly industrialized counties (NICs)

country whose national economy has transitioned from being primarily based in agriculture to being primarily based in goods-producing industries, such as manufacturing, construction, and mining

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15

maquiladoras

a type of export processing zone (physical spaces within a country where special regulations benefit foreign-controlled business) located specifically in Mexico

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16

Gross National Income (GNI)

the dollar value of a country's final income in a year, divided by its population; it reflects the average income of a country's citizens

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17

Gender Inequality Index (GII)

a composite index for measurement of gender disparity, which affects a country's development

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18

human development index (HDI)

combines one economic measurement (GNI) with several social measures, such as life expectancy and the average education level

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19

Walt W. Rostow/Stages of Economic Development

postulates that economic growth occurs in five basic stages, of varying length

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20

Immanuel Wallerstein/World Systems Theory (Core-Periphery Model)

a dependency model that postulates that countries do not exist in isolation but are apart of an intertwined world system in which all countries are dependent on each other.

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core countries

includes the economically advantaged area of the world and the center of world businesses and finances

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semi-periphery countries

includes middle income countries that provide services for core countries

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periphery countries

includes the least-developed countries that have a high percentage of jobs in low-skill, labor intensive production

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Commodity Dependency

Heavy reliance on export of primary commodities

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25

sustainable development

any economic development that serves the current needs of people without making it harder for people in the future to live well

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ecotourism

tourism that attempts to protect local ecosystems and to educate visitors about them

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free trade zones (FTZs)

tax-free area where goods can be landed and 'value added', through handling and manufacturing, and re-exported without the intervention of customs

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growth poles

the concentration of high-value economic development attracts even more economic development; example - Silicon Valley

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29

European Union (EU)

organization formed to promote development within the member states through economic and political cooperation; essentially eliminated tariffs among member nations and has fostered economic growth.

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30

deindustrialization

process by which companies move industrial jobs to other regions with cheaper labor, leaving the newly deindustralized region to switch to a service economy and to work through a period of high unemployment

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indicators of development

sectoral structure of the economy, literacy rates, birth and death rates, access to healthcare, infant mortality rates, gender equality, gross national income, etc.

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32

OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)

a permanent intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-exporting developing nations that coordinates and unifies the petroleum policies of its Member Countries.

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33

comparative advantage

a situation in which a country, individual, company, or region can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than a competitor

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34

complementarity

the degree to which one place can supply something that another place demands

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35

microlending

The practice of loaning small amounts of money to help people in less developed countries start small businesses.

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36

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations.

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37

tariffs

A tax on imported goods

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38

World Trade Organization (WTO)

a permanent global institution to promote international trade and to settle international trade disputes

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39

free trade

international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions.

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40

Dependency Theory

a model of economic and social development that explains global inequality in terms of the historical exploitation of poor nations by rich ones

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41

Microloans

Small-business loans often used to buy equipment or operate a business

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42

Gross National Product (GNP)

The total value of all goods and services produced by a country's economy in a given year.

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43

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total output of all economic activity in the nation, including goods and services.

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44

Break-of-bulk point

A location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another. In a port, the cargoes of oceangoing ships are unloaded and put on trains and trucks.

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45

Ecumene

The proportion of the earth inhabited by humans.

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46

Suburbs

residential areas surrounding a city

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47

Settlement

A permanent collection of buildings and inhabitants.

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48

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities

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49

Suburbanization

The process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe.

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50

zoning ordinances

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

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51

Site

The physical character of a place

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52

Situation

the location of a place relative to other places

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53

City-state

a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state.

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54

Urban hearth

An area like Mesopotamia, China, India, or the Nile Valley where large cities first existed.

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55

Urban area

A central city and its surrounding built-up suburbs

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Metropolitan statistical area (MSA)

Contains a core area containing a large population nucleus, together with adjacent communities that have a high degree of economic and social integration with that core.

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Time-space compression

the rapid innovation of communication and transportation technologies associated with globalization that transforms the way people think about space and time

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58

Central business district (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered.

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59

Counter-urbanization (deurbanization)

the net loss of population from cities to smaller towns and rural areas.

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60

Megacities

cities with more than 10 million people

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61

Megalopolis

a very large, heavily populated city or urban complex.

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62

Conurbation

an extended urban area, typically consisting of several towns merging with the suburbs of one or more cities.

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63

World city (global city)

Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

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Urban hierarchy

A ranking of settlements according to their size and economic functions.

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Gravity model

A mathematical formula that describes the level of interaction between two places, based on the size of their populations and their distance from each other.

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Central place theory (Christaller)

explains the spatial organization of settlements and hinterlands, their relative location, and size.

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67

Higher-order services

a good or service usually expensive, that people only buy occasionally, these are usually located in larger towns and cities with a large market area accessible to a large number of people

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68

Lower-order services

provided by small centers, a good or service, usually inexpensive items that people buy often a regular, often daily basis

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69

Primate city

The largest settlement in a country, if it has more than twice as many people as the second-ranking settlement.

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70

Residential zones

the areas of a city devoted to where people live rather than to commercial or industrial functions

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71

Concentric zone model (Burgess)

A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings.

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72

Sector model (Hoyt)

A model that shows cities develop in a series of sectors radiating out from a CBD

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73

Multi-nuclei model (Harris and Ullman)

a model of urban land use developed by C.D. Harris and E.L. Ullman based on separated & specialized multiple nuclei

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Peripheral model

A model of North American urban areas consisting of an inner city surrounded by large suburban residential and business areas tied together by a beltway or ring road.

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75

Zoning ordinances

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.

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boomburbs

rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of a large city

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disamenity zone

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.

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78

Squatter Settlement

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

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79

Greenbelts

A ring of land maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area.

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80

Smart Growth Policies

Legislation and regulations to limit suburban sprawl and preserve farmland.

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81

Rank-Size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.

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Metacity

A city with a population over 20 million

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Edge City

cities that are located on the outskirts of larger cities and serve many of the same functions of urban areas, but in a sprawling, decentralized suburban environment

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Informal Economy Zone

Economic activity that thrives with curbside, car-side, and stall based businesses that often hire people temporarily and do not follow all regulations; part of the economy that is not taxed

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85
<p>Von Thunen Model</p>

Von Thunen Model

A model that explains the location of agricultural activities in a commercial, profit-making economy.

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86

Mediterranean climate

Weather pattern characterized by mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers

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tropical climate

hot humid climate that produces certain plants, such as cassava, banana, sugar cane, sweet potato, papaya, rice, maize

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88

subsistence agriculture

The production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family.

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commercial agriculture

Agriculture undertaken primarily to generate products for sale off the farm.

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intensive agriculture

expenditure of much labor and capital on a piece of land to increase its productivity. high input / small area

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extensive agriculture

An agricultural system characterized by low inputs of labor and capital per unit land area. Low input / big area

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pastoral nomadism

A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals.

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shifting cultivation

A form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift activity from one field to another; each field is used for crops for relatively few years and left fallow for a relatively long period.

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plantation (agriculture)

Production system based on a large estate owned by an individual, family, or corporation and organized to produce a cash crop.

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mixed crop and livestock farming

Commercial farming characterized by integration of crops and livestock.

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96

market gardening

The small scale production of fruits, vegetables, and flowers as cash crops sold directly to local consumers.

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Livestock ranching

An extensive commercial agricultural activity that involves the raising of livestock over vast geographic spaces.

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98

Mediterranean agriculture

specialized farming that occurs only in areas where the dry-summer Mediterranean climate prevails

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99

transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

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100

clustered settlements

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

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