AP U.S. History Midterm (APUSH)

What were the three sections of the Americas in terms of colonization in the early 1600s and what section were the Chesapeake colonies in?

The New England Colonies, The Southern Colonies, and The Middle Colonies. The Chesapeake were in the middle colonies.

1600s, Chesapeake Colonies/Middle Colonies, Chapter 1

Reasons for English colonization

OVERCROWDING in English cities

FOREIGN RIVALRIES: other more established superpowers already had many colonies and England wanted to caught up.

Colonies would open up NEW OPPORTUNITIES.

Some moved to AVIOD RELIGIOUS PERSECUTION

Diminished foreign threat and allowed for expansion.

What allowed for Virginia to be settled?

Joint Stock companies

Allowed for privet investors to pool money to fund them and receive percentage of company's profit.

What was England's first permanent settlement in North America and what joint stock company funded it? Also about what year was it.

Jamestown, funded by the Virginia Company of London. 1607 (1600s) England still had control over colony even though they didn't fund it.

What was the starving time and how did it end?

Ship with supplies doesn't reach Jamestown, colonists refuse to work due to being lords, governor is doing nothing.

Ended with John Smith taking control and issues a "you don't work, you don't eat" approach. Jamestown starts making a profit,

Who was Pocahontas?

Natter American women who helped Jamestown by acting as a moderator between colonies and Native American communities.

1630s, New England Colonies, Chapter 3

Who were the Puritans?

A section of the Church of England who believed in a more pure form of the church.

Who were the separatist Puritans vs. pilgrims.

A section of the Puritans who believed there should be a larger separation between the Catholic Church and the Puritans.

Known as the "Pilgrims" due to their pilgrimage to America.

What did the separatist puritans/pilgrims do in America?

Established the Plymouth Colony, one of the New England Colonies.

Established Mayflower Compact, a basic form of government with heads of households voting on decisions.

What was the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Colony in Boston created by non-separatist puritans escaping religious persecution established by a joint stock company with mass amounts of puritans moving into the colonies by the 1630s

What was life like in the New England colonies?

Religiously intolerant, low mortality rate, patriarchal.

Who were two outcasts from the Puritans?

Rodger Williams: Radical views, wanted religious tolerance, did not think land should be taken from Native Americans, was kicked out of Puritan colony, creates his own colony in Rhode Island with universal manhood suffrage, known as the sewer due to religious tolerance.

Anne Hutchinson: wanted to preach but only males were allowed to. Held public religious meetings, was banished, her and her followers moved to Rhode Island.

What was the relationship between Puritans and Native Americans like?

Puritans cannot farm at first but are taught by Native Americans. Thanksgiving is celebration of first harvest between Native Americans and Colonists. After colonists took more and more land from Native Americans, relationship soured.

The Pequot Wars: 1636-1637

Native Americans fought back against Colonists. Colonists win causing Native Americans to move Westwards.

King Philip's War

Chiefton Medicon (nicknamed King Philip by colonists) wanted to unite local tribes against colonists. Colonists win.

Native American population dips drastically as colonist numbers increase.

1610s-1640s, Chesapeake Colonies, Chapter 2

Who were the Powhatan?

Largest Native American group colonists interacted with.

What was the the Powhatan Confederacy

Native American group formed as a resistance to the colonies.

What were the Powhatan wars?

First conflict between English settlers and Powhatan, series of battles. British government tells English colonists to avoid conflict.

How did Jamestown make profit?

Tobacco could be easily farmed in Jamestown and is shipped all over Europe.

What was government like in Jamestown and what were the implications of this?

First representative government/assembly in North America. People are elected to represent in government. Now the colony does not need England as much.

What was the Headright system?

Gave heads of households and families from England who could cross over to the colonies land.

What is a royal colony and what does it have to do with Jamestown?

Due to Jamestown turning a profit King James of England turns the colony from under control of the privet Virginia Company of London to under his own control, making it a royal colony and giving him control over the profits.

What was indentured servitude?

Workers in Jamestown are not enslaved but indentured workers who would have their voyage to Jamestown payed for if they worked for a certain number of years. Maintained workers basic rights and were promised land after their contract ended.

Where was the original colonial slavery and what rules regulated it?

First enslaved Africans were brought to Jamestown in around 1619. Certain rules and regulations surrounded enslaved people called the "Barbary Slave Codes."

What was the Atlantic Slave Trade?

West African enslaved people were sent over the Atlantic chained together in "the middle passage." From 1680-1690 the population of enslaved people increased in the Chesapeake colonies due to Bacon's rebellion.

What was Bacon's Rebellion?

A rebellion led by Nathanial Bacon which protested not receiving land promised to indentured servants after their servitude was over. They did not receive the land due to Native American settlements on the promised lands. The English government told the colonists that they couldn't just steal the land, leading to the rebellion. Jamestown is burned down by Bacon and his followers but is eventually put down. (Rebellion not Revolution)

What were the impacts of Bacon's Rebellion?

Shows issues with indentured servitude.

Upperclass begins buying enslaved people instead of contracting indentured servants.

What were the Maryland Colonies, how did they start, and what was the prominent religion there?

Founded by George Calvert, also known as Lord Baltimore who received a charter to lead a colony as a safe haven for English-Irish Catholics to escape religious persecution as England's prominent religion is Protestant. As colonists moved in they brought indentured servants with them who were Protestant, making it a predominantly Protestant Colony.

What was the Tolerance Act of 1649?

Act established in Maryland saying you can practice whatever Christian religion you wish to.

The French and Indian War, 1756-1763, Chapter 4?

What three European empires had territories claimed in North America in the 1750s?

The British, French, and Spanish.

What was the importance of the Ohio River Valley?

Disputed territory between France and Britain.

Britain builds forts on territory claimed by the French. France begins building forts on the territory as well. George Washington his British troops and French troops cross paths, escalating into a battle. While war was never declared, fighting begins with England sending troops.

What was the Albany Congress of 1754?

Leaders of English colonies meet to try to unite the colonies. When "Join or Die" political cartoon is made. Led by Benjamin Franklin.

When did war in America begin? (Not looking for a date)

War in America began when a British general was killed in fighting the French.

Why could the Seven Years war (French and Indian War) be considered the First World War?

Fighting expanded all across Europe, the Caribbean, India, and all over.

What is the difference between the French and Indian War and the Seven Years war? Also around when was the Seven Years War? (Looking for some dates)

Both terms can be used interchangeably but the Seven Years war better describes when the war began in Europe vs. The French and Indian war better describes the war as a whole, including fighting beginning in America.

Seven Years War: 1756-1763

Describe some of the tension occurring between Britain and its colonies.

While Britain uses typical warfare strategies, the colonists use gorilla warfare, more similar to the way the French and the Indians are fighting. This causes Britain to look down on the colonists.

What did the Treaty of Paris (THE ONE IN 1763!) do?

French surrendered in 1763 after being flooded by English troops. They loose all of their North American territory. (Except for a bit in Hade)

Spain gains territory west of the Mississippi.

England the rest of France's North American land, tripling their size.

What were the effects of the Seven Years War on Britain?

Increased England's colonial empire in the Americas, making them one of the largest empires in the world.

Greatly increased England's debt, and created a sentient of wanting to be repaid by the colonies for the war. "If the colonies didn't cause problems the war would have never happened."

England decided more engagement with the colonies was necessary, taking away the freedom they had.

What were the effects of the Seven Years war on the colonies?

United them against a common enemy (France)

Ignited want to gain even more land

Increased bitter feelings towards British as colonists felt Britain looked down on them due to their fighting style.

What were the effects of the Seven Years War on Native Americans?

Native Americans were still living on the French territory as they had previously coexisted with the French (which is why they were fighting with the French against the British in the first place.)

As British colonists began to expand onto their territory after the war battles begin.

What was the Poneacres War?

British has to send troops to help colonists against the Native Americans the colonists were taking land from. British is angry as they keep causing conflict and tells them to stop expanding.

What was the Proclamation Line of 1763?

Britain prohibits colonists from going into territory beyond a certain line. Colonists settle anyways because they had just won the territory from the French. British parliament is furious.

1763-1776, The Road to Revaluation, Chapter 4 (still)

What are some things that show Britain's increase in control over the colonies?

Taxes: Due to England's debt after Seven Years War England begins to place taxes on the colonies.

Sugar Act- Tax on sugar

Stamp act- Tax on paper. (All paper must be stamped, and stamp costs money)

Navigation Act: Ends salutary neglect and makes it so that colonies can only trade with England.

Quartering Act: British military can house soldiers in residential homes without resistance.

What was the Stamp Act Congress and what did they do?

The Sons of Liberty led by Samuel Adams creates the Stamp Act Congress which handles what to do about the Stamp Act. They put the Non-importance agreement which says the colonies will no longer import British goods.

How did colonists treat tax collectors

Very very badly. They would beat them, steal from them, and tar and feather them

What did Britain do in response to colonists response to stamp act?

Parliament repeals stamp act but estates complete authority over colonists.

What was the Boston Massacre?

An angry mob of colonists stage protest at British government establishment and British troops are sent in to disperse them. Something is supposedly thrown at soldiers (rocks? Snowballs? Unknown) and soldiers respond by firing onto crowd. 5 civilians are killed and soldiers are put on trial but found not guilty by John Adams.

Causes public outrage and "we cannot go on like this" sentiment.

What was the Tea Act?

The colonists favorite drink is tea, and so parliament places a tax on it.

Colonists are greatly upset by this, due to their lack of representation in parliament and a lack of respect.

Colonists retaliate with the Boston Tea Party which greatly angers parliament.

1770s+?, Chapter 5 (still)

What were the coercive acts/intolerable acts?

The Port Bill/Boston Port Bill:

Britain shuts downs the Boston Harbor in responded to Boston tea party, essentially destroying Boston.

The Government Act:

Parliament reestablished control over colonies, choosing their leaders.

Quartering Acts:

Citizens could not deny privet property to soldiers.

Administration of Justice Act:

Crimes committed by soldiers go to England to be trialed.

What was the First Continental Congress?

A meeting for representatives from different colonies to discuss what to do about Britain.

NOT discussing leaving Britain.

Trying to find ways to ease tensions with Britain.

Being prepared and ready to defend themselves:

Colonies build up local militias which start training and stockpiling weapons.

What was Britain's response to colonial stockpiling of weapons?

British soldiers move to seize control of weapons, marching from Boston to Concord.

Local militias hear of this from Paul Revere "The British are coming!"

What happened between the British and colonists at Lexington?

British soldiers "redcoats" and local militias "minute men" meet and fighting breaks out. "Shot heard round the world." This was the unofficial start to the revolutionary war.

What happens when the redcoats get to Concord?

The weapons have been moved causing soldiers to have to fight their way back to Boston.

What was the effect of the second continental Congress?

"Extended an olive branch" to King George who rejects it and sends more troops to the colonies.

Says colonies are in a state of rebellion. Both sides know war is coming.

Who was Thomas Paine?

Writer of Common Sense, a pamphlet which justifies war with Great Britain causing support for the war to grow.

What was the Declaration of Independence?

Document written by Thomas Jefferson which declares war with England. The colonies are the first colonies to ever declare independence from a foreign nation.

Around 1777-1783, The American Revolution, Chapter 6?

What was the the turning point of the American Revolution?

The battle of Saratoga:

Colonial delegates have been meeting with France to get support, but France doesn't want to join and loose.

The colonists win against the British in the Battle of Saratoga, proving that they are able to defeat the British. This wins them France's support, including their navy.

What was the Winter at Vally Forge and why was it important?

Coldest winter causes colonial army to struggle. Marquis de Lafayette brings them resources and money to help them survive. Baron Von Steuben trains the army and by Spring they have greatly improved. Shows the French's support.

What was the third phase of the War, the Southern Strategy?

Britain wants to cut off Southern colonies connection to Northern colonies in order to stop the flow of supplies. Southern patriots defend against Britain and Britain cannot hold area. British general Cornwall attempts to reach the Chesapeake in Yorktown in order to receive aid from British ships.

What was the Battle of Yorktown?

British General Cornwall reaches Yorktown but the British ships are not there due to French Navy cutting them off. Cornwall surrenders in 1781.

What was the effect of the Treaty of Paris? (THE ONE IN 1783)

American Revolutionary War is over.

Colonies are their own country but hope for English friendship.

Colonies are now United States.

Why did Britain lose the Revolutionary War?

Could not beat Washington's army

The war was unpopular in Britain

The French and American alliance (Franco-American alliance)

Lack of loyalist support

Lack of supplies.

1780s, Constitution and Confederation, Chapter 6

What did the articles of confederation do and what were their weaknesses?

Established unity between 13 states despite their independence from each other and separate governments.

There is no real federal government.

First constitution

Opposite of British control.

States have more power

States rights over Federal Rights

Each state has one vote.

Weaknesses:

Weak federal government

congress cannot do anything

For each law to pass 9/13 had to vote for it, causing nothing to get done.

Cannot pay for anything because no taxes are getting passed

No executive branch, no president, no national court system.

What was Shay's rebellion?

States are passing high taxes to pay for things causing Daniel Shay to lead a rebellion after her loses his farm due to high taxes. Due to lack of national army it is difficult to put down.

Shows the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation.

What did the constitutional convention of 1787 do?

Met to change articles but ended up re-making constitution instead. Elects George Washington to organize everything.

What was the Virginia Plan?

Amount of state's votes are decided by population. Big states liked this, small states did not. Bicameral legislature.

What was the New Jersey Plan?

Every state gets one vote, big states don't like it but small states do. Unicameral.

What did the Great Compromise do?

Bicameral legislature with two separate houses working together with the House of Representatives being decided by population and The Senate determined equally with two votes per state. Enslaved people are counted as 2/3 of a person.

What were some safeguards for the constitution?

Only rich, white, landowning males could vote.

Federal judges are appointed for life.

Established electoral college which elects presidents determined by senators and representatives. State vote is decided by popular vote. Senators are chosen by the House of Representatives.

Who were the Anti-Federalists? What did they believe in?

Did not like constitution, favored state over federal rights, did not think it gave citizens enough rights.

Who were the Federalists? What did they believe in?

Favored constitution, wrote federalist papers, wanted checks and balances, wanted branches.

What resulted from the Federalist vs. Antifederalist disagreement?

Bill of Rights is added to constitution, and states ratify constitution to join Union.

1759-1789, Launching the new ship of state, chapter 6 (still?)

What was the election of 1789?

First presidential election, Washington wins with all electoral votes. States who didn't ratify didn't vote.

What did the Judiciary Act of 1759 do?

Created smaller courts instead of just Supreme Court. Created Circuit Court of Appeals for unfair trials.

What did Hamilton's economic plan do?

Favored wealthy elite, state debts assumed by Congress, wants other countries to loan U.S money, wants tariffs on foreign trade, wants a whiskey tax.

What is the bank of the U.S and what makes it controversial?

Privet bank people could buy stock from, wants government to have majority stock, wants to be controlled by government, wants national currency, and monitors the country's debt.

Some think Congress should not have this power. Thomas Jefferson says it's unconstitutional due to his strict following of the constitution.

Alexander Hamilton says it is constitutional due to his looser following and belief in implied powers.

1800-1812, The Jeffersonian Republic, Chapter 7 (still)

What was the scandal that accorded with the election of 1800?

Thomas Jefferson, a democratic republican and Aron Burr, a democratic republican both tie. John Adams, a federalist, also ran but he passed an unpopular act.

Federalists who supported Adams attempt to elect Burr to sabotage Jefferson but this fails. House of Representatives elect Thomas Jefferson.

How does Thomas Jefferson set a standard for future presidents?

Instead of changing everything after John Adam's presidency like many expect as they have opposite political beliefs, he sets a standard of moderation and stability, only getting rid of the alien and sedition act (the extremely unpopular act which stopped Adams from getting re-elected)

What was the Marbury vs. Madison court case and why was it important?

It's important because without it there wouldn't be any more court cases.

Before the election of 1800 John Adams realized he was probably not going to be re-elected and so he flooded the court with appointees who would do whatever he says. When Jefferson comes in he sends James Madison to tell the appointees that they are not going to be elected. William Marbury, an appointee sues Madison. The court says he should have been appointed but there's nothing to be done.

The court gives themselves Judicial Review.

What is Judicial Review?

The Supreme Court can decide if a law is constitutional or unconstitutional.

Gives themselves the most power.

The court will only take cases when a law is challenged in court which restricts this power.

What was the Louisiana purchase?

France needed money during the Napoleonic wars and also wants to anger Britain and so they cheaply sell their Louisiana territory to the U.S. The U.S doubles in size.

Was the Louisiana purchase constitutional?

Thomas Jefferson signed for the land despite it not following a strict following of the constitution. He signs it because it will help the U.S.

Why were the Napoleonic Wars important to the U.S?

Britain who is at war with France blocks trade in the Atlantic Ocean, causing U.S merchant ships to be captured by Britain and forcing the sailers to serve in the British army, angering the U.S.

What is the embargo act?

U.S cut off all trade in order to stop the loss of cargo and sailers. This negatively affects the U.S economy as well as the English economy. It is repealed.

What is the non-intercouse act?

U.S trades with everyone but Britain and France. Britain continues to take sailers.

What is Madison's second bill?

U.S says that they will trade with whatever country (France or Britain) that lowers their trade restrictions first. France does this and U.S trades with them. This angers Britain and they send supplies to Native Americans.

What is a war hawk?

Someone who is eager for war. Democratic republicans.

Who can declare war in the U.S government and why is that important in this time period?

Congress can. It's important because James Madison convinces Congress to declare war which they do in 1812.

1818-1860, Varieties of American Nationalism, Chapter 8

What was the treaty of Ghent and what does it do?

Treaty between U.S and Britain saying they are no longer in war.

It does nothing lol

What happened to the Federalists during the era of good feelings?

New England states threaten to succeed at Hard-ford convention causing Federalist Party's popularity to decrease.

What makes the election of 1860 significant?

This is the last time federalists will appoint anyone, and after the election there is only one political party, the Democratic Republicans who ran with James Monroe.

What did James Monroe do during his presidency?

He acquired territory and put the Monroe Doctrine into place.

Who is John Quincey Adams?

Son of John Adams, Secretary of State, best Secretary of State U.S had ever had. Shaped everything.

What did the convention of 1818 do?

American and British representatives worked to settle disputed territory (wanted actual borders.) They set it to the 49 degree line and decide to figure out the rest in ten years but for now put a policy of join occupation into place.

What is the Adams-Onis Treaty?

James Monroe wants Florida because Spain isn't maintaining it and criminals keep fleeing there. Florida becomes a part of the U.S.

At this time do more people live in rural areas or cities?

Rural areas.

What does the election of 1820 have to do with George Washington's legacy.

James Monroe is running for reelection and was going to get all the electoral votes, but in respect to George Washington who is the only president who had done this, John Quincey Adams runs as well.

1819-1824, The American System, Chapter 8 (still)

What is the American System and what did it do?

A system created by Henry Clay which tries to fix U.S over reliance on outside countries. This system increased revenue while protecting U.S businesses. Bank of America is preserved, stabilizing currency. Improves infrastructure making it easier to transport goods. America goes from agricultural to Industrial.

What is the panic of 1819 and what caused it?

Economic recession causes panic as this is the first time it has happened in U.S.

Causes:

There was not a large demand for goods after napoleonic wars, people keep loaning money to buy and resell land but there's no demand for the land causing the loans to not be repaid, causing banks to go out of business. Shows the problems with unregulated issuing of money from banks. Bills don't match.

What is the Missouri compromise of 1820 and what did it do? (Important)

Arguments over slavery are at a high. There's currently a balance between slave vs. free states and Missouri becoming a state would upset that balance.

What the Missouri compromise does:

1. Missouri will be a slave state

2. Maine will separate from Massachusetts and become a free state.

3. From this point forwards a 36-30 decree geographical line will be used to determine which states are slave states and which states are free states, with North being free and South being slave.

Longterm cause of civil war.