PPY 2540 - Peripheral Endocrine Glands

Thyroid hormone __ the __ metabolic rate and exerts other effects

increases, basal

Thyroid gland effects __ production which is the amount of __ used by cells

heat, calories

thyroid hormone has effects on the __ system: increased heart rate, force of __, and __ output

cardiovascular, contraction, cardiac

Thyroid gland has effect on __ and nervous system. stimulates __ secretion, increases production of __ by the liver

growth, growth hormone (GH), IGF-1

Hypothyroidism: thyroid hormone secretion __

deficiency

Hyperthyroidism: thyroid hormone secretion __

excess

Symptoms of hypothyroidism: fatigue, weight __, muscle __, depression, anxiety, __ in hands

gain, weakness, numbness

Symptoms of hyperthyroidism: increased sweating, shakiness, anxiety, weight __, __ heart rate, more frequent pooping

loss, rapid

Adrenal glands: Cortex- __ Medulla- __

outside, inside

In the adrenal gland zona glomerulosa flows to __ which then flows to the kidneys for __ of filteration and __

aldosterone, rate, water

zona reticularis flows to __ which then flows to __

cortisol, liver

zona fasciculaia flows to __ (adrenaline) which flows to liver, __, and muscles

epinephrine, heart

the medulla flows to __ which flows to __ and __ sex organs

androgens, male, female

the major effects of mineralocorticoids are on __ and __ balance and __ homeostasis

Na+ and K+, blood pressure

aldosterone __ Na+ retention and enhances K+ __ during the formation of urine

promotes, elimination

__ exerts metabolic effects and plays a key role in adaptation to __

cortisol, stress

stress response: __ blood glucose, __ immune function, mood alterations (increased alertness), increase protein metabolism

elevated, suppresses

chronic effects: high blood pressure, __, diabetes, __ disturbances

osteoporosis, sleep

medula: core of __ gland

adrenal

epinephrine reinforces and is stimulated by the ___ nervous system and exerts metabolic effects

sympathetic (fight or flight)

medula effects on organ systems: __ cardiac output and __ respiratory airways (increases surface area)

increases, dilates

medula metabolic effects: prompts mobilization of stored carbohydrates and fate so extra energy is available as needed to fuel __ work

muscular

medula: epinephrine(adrenaline) other effects: __ arousal, increases alertness, causes __

promotes, sweating

hypothalamus > __ nervous system > adrenal medulla > __

sympathetic, epinephrine

the stress response is a __ pattern of reactions to any situation that threatens __

generalized, homeostasis

stressor > body > specific response characteristic of __ of stressor or nonspecific generalized response regardless of type of stressor= __ response

type, stress

fuel metabolism includes anabolism, __, and interconversions among energy rich organic molecules

catabolism

anabolism: __ of large organic macromolecules from small organic subunits

buildup

catabolism: __ of large energy rich organic molecules within cells

breakdown (think breakdown of glucose to pyruvate)

interconversions among organic molecules: most small organic molecules can be __ into other types

converted

because food intake is intermittent, __ must be stored for use between meals

nutrients

energy storage forms: excess circulating __, circulating __ and __ acids

glucose, fatty, amino

the brain must be continuously supplied with __

glucose (sole source of energy)

metabolic fuels are stored during the __ state and mobilized during the __ state

absorptive, postabsorptive

absorptive “fed” state: occurs __

after a meal

postabsorptive “fasted” state: occurs __

between meals

roles of key tissues in metabolic states: the __, adipose tissue, __, and brain

liver, muscle

beta cells secrete __

insulin

alpha cells secrete __

glucagon

in the fed state: elevated blood glucose > __ > lower blood glucose

insulin release

fasting state: low blood glucose > __ > elevates blood glucose

glucagon release

blood glucose control is __ controlled

homeostatically

glycogenolysis is the __ of glycogen

break down

anabolism __ together

binding

factors that increase blood glucose: glucose __ from digestive tract

absorption

factors that increase blood glucose: hepatic glucose production through __

gluconeogenesis

factors that decrease blood glucose: __ of glucose into cells for __ production, for __

transport, energy, storage

factors that decrease blood glucose: __ excretion of glucose

urinary

fasted state: __ meals

between

fed state: __ meal. __ of glucose

right after, influx (go signal)

fasted state: in the absence of insulin there are no __ transporters in the membrane

GLUT4

fed state: insulin signals the cell to insert GLUT4 transporters __ the membrane, allowing glucose to __ the cell

into, enter

in the fasted state, the __ makes glucose and transports it out of the blood using __ transporters

hepatocyte, GLUT2

in the fed state, the glucose concentration gradient __ and glucose __ the hepatocyte

reverses, enters

calcium metabolism: plasma Ca2+ must be closely regulated to prevent chances in __ excitability

neuromuscular

control of Ca2+ metabolism includes regulation of both Ca2+ __ and __

homeostasis and balance

regulation of Ca2+ metabolism depends on hormonal control of exchanges between the __ and the bone, __, and intestine

ECF, kidneys

parathyroid hormone raises __ Ca2+ life saving effect

free plasma

peptide hormone secrete by the __ glands. essential for life

parathyroid

calcium metabolism: bone continuously undergoes remodeling- bone __ and bone __

deposition(formation) and resorption(removal)