ANAT 1600 FINAL 3 UNITS

Digestive, urinary, and reproductive system

Alimentary Canal

A continuous tube from the mouth to the anus

3 Phases of gastric stimulation in order

Cephalic, gastic, intestinal

Gastric secretions

Musus, pepsinogen, hydochloric acid

Gastrin stimulates ;

Gastric juice, gastric churning, relaxation of the pyloric sphincter

What is chyme?

Boluc mixed with gastric juice

Pathway from the pyloric sphincter — cecum

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ileocecal canal, cecum

Chemical digection in the stomach

Protein and fat digestion

What is the cephalic phase?

Sensation of food, stimulates productio of gastric juices in the stomach.

Intestinal phase

Stretch receptors in the duodenum activate sympathetic nerves

Primary functions of the kidneys

Filtration, reabsorption, acid-base balance, regulation of BP, production of hormones

A nephron ______.

Filters blood and returns useful substances

What are the rwo types of nephrons?

Cortical nephrons and Juxtamedullary nephrons

What is filtrate?

Fluid mixed with dissolved substances

Urine formation is due to _____.

Glomelular filtration, tubular secretion, tubular reabsorption

What is glomelular filtration rate?

Rate at which filtrate is formed.

Passive reabsorption in PCT

Solutes passively diffusing to the pct

Micturition reflex

Voluntary relaxation of the external urethral sphincter.

In men the urethra excretes ____

Semen and urine.

What is the function iof the renal cortex?

Blood filtration, reabsorption, secretion

What is paracellular reabsorption

Movement between cells

Primary function of testes?

Sperm + hormone production

Which is a function of the liver?

Production of bile?

The finger-like projections that increase the surface area for absorption in the s intestine are called ______.

Villi

Peristalsis:

Movement of food through the GI tract

The hormone responsible for production of milk is______.

Prolactin

Structure that connects uterus to ovary is:

Fallopian tubes

What is the site of implantation?

Uterus

Spermatogenesis occurs in the _____

Seminiferous tubules

What is the gestational period?

From fertilization to birth

Progesterone ____

Causes myometrial thickening, thickens endometrium for implantation

FSH stimulates:

follicles

Blood loss during the menstrul phase when;

endrometrium sheds, exposing spiral arteries which cause blood loss. In the event of NO fertilization

How many phases are there of the female reproductive system? What are they?

4

Estrogen is ___

Female reproductie hormone

When do primary follicles start to develop again?

During puberty

LH stands for

Lutenizing hormone

How many openins are there in the female perineum? What are they?

3; Urethra, Vagina, Anus.

Erection is

Parasympathetic nserves in the sacral s.c stimulate the dilation of blood vessels in the penis during erectal thoughts, sights, etc.

FSH in spermatogenesis:

Works withtestosterone to stimulate spetmartogenesis

Why is the right kidney lower than the left?

Because of the liver.

The enzomatic breakdown of large molecules into their basic building blocks is called

Chemical digestion

Bile release from the gall bladder to duodenum is because of

Cholesytokinin

What are the processes involving urine formation?

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion

Sperm production begins ____& ends at____.

Puberty; death

Which of the following is not a layer of gthe GI tract?

1. Mucosa

2. Submucosa

3. Mesentary

4. Serosa

5. Muscularis

Mesentary

What are the 2 tissue masses that form erectile tissue and become rigid during sexual arousal?

Corpora cavernosa and Corpus spongiosum

Chyme in the L intestine is moved towards the rectum 3-4 times a day by :

Mass peristalsis

Which enzyme breaks down carbs in the mouth?

Amylase

Glomerular filtration is:

Non-selective process similar to starlings law. Fluids and dissolved sybstances move to the glomerular capsule

ADH; Anti-diarretic hormone:

Increases the rate of water reabsorption

What are the three salivary glands

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands

Which part of the nephron is primarily responsible for creating a concentration gradient in the medulla?

Nephron loop

What is the urethra responsible for?

Transportation of urine from bladder to outside

Which of the following is NOT part of the urinary system

1. Adrenal glands

2. Urethra

3. Kidneys

Adrenal glands

The process of substances from the blood into the renal tubule is called

secretion

The juxtamedullary apparatus helps regulate

Blood pressure

Urea is ______.

A nitrogeneous waste product made by ther kidneys

Outer region of the kideys is called:

Cortex

Which structure carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

ureter

Aldosterone regulates _____ reabsorption in the _____.

sodium; kidneys

Which hormone triggers ovulation in women?

FSH

The acidic chyme in the stomach is neutralized by ______ in the _____

Sodium bicarbonate; small intestine

Which organ is responbile primarily for nutrient absorption?

S intestine

Pepsin is active in the

Stomach

Epiglottis does what?

Block the glottis so food does not go through the trachea

Movement of food from the mouth to the stomach is called?

peristalsis

What is the pathway from the large intestine to the rectum? say your fourth one

descending colon

What are the types of mechanical digestion in the l intestine?

Peristalsis, mass peristalsis, and haustral churning

___________ is the most absorbed in the s intestine.

water

Somatic motor activity involves the _____ relaxation of the _____.

Voluntary; external anal sphincter

Estrogen causes uterine tissue to become more _______ to _____.

sensitive; progesterone

List the route of sperm passage and say the third one

vas deferens

What hormones does the corpus luteum secrete?

Estrogen

protesterone

Relaxin

Inhibin

What happens during the post ovulatory phase in the event of no fertilization or implantation?

Uterine lining sheds due to drop in hormone levels.

What is a gonad? In both men and women.

A primary sex organ. Testis and ovary.

A gamete is a ____. A ____ in men and oocyte in women.

Sex cell; sperm

How many chromosomes are in one normal sperm?

23

Testes ate maintained 3 degrees celcius ___ core body temp.

Below. For best sperm ejaculation

Urethra conveys

Only urine in women. Both semen and urine in men

The midpiece of the sperm contains a _____ which helps to make ____.

Mitochondria; ATP.