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Sleep, Sensation, and Perception study guide
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consciousness, wakefulness, and sleep
the levels of consciousness
circadian rhythm
the body’s daily schedule on a 24.5-26-hour cycle
Non-REM Sleep
this type of sleep is for the body
REM Sleep
this type of sleep is for the brain
Sleep Spindles
bursts of brain activity during Non-REM sleep
Delta Waves
These waves occur in deep sleep
Alpha Waves
These waves occur right before falling asleep, while still conscious
Paradoxical Sleep
This occurs during REM Sleep; the body is paralyzed while the brain is active
Restoration
Repairing the consequences of the activity associated with wakefulness
Memory Consolidation
Changes in the brain structure and organization
Insomnia
Inability to sleep
Narcolepsy
Random attacks of REM sleep
Sleep Apnea
Breathing stops during sleep until waking up to catch a breath
Somnambulism
Sleep walking
REM Behavior Disorder
acting out dreams while sleeping
Dreams
story lines that the brain creates during sleep
Consolidation Theory
The theory that sleep plays a crucial role in turning new information into memories which allows us to learn and remember
Activation Synthesis
The theory that the brain creates dreams to interpret and understand random neural activity that occurs while sleeping
Sensation
receiving information from the environment
Perception
interpreting information from the environment to identify the meaning
Transduction
converting energy to a stimulus into neural acti
Absolute Threshold
the minimum amount of ENERGY needed to produce sensation over 50% of the time
Sensory Adaptation
when sensory receptor cells are constantly stimulated, they undergo a loss of sensitivity to stimuli
Just-Noticeable Difference
the smallest difference between 2 stimuli that can be detected
Weber’s Law
For 2 stimuli to be perceived as different they must differ by a specific PERCENTAGE
Sensory Interaction
Our 5 senses influencing each other
Synesthesia
When your brain routes sensory information through multiple unrelated senses, causing you to experience more than one sense
Accommodation
The lens changing to focus on either near or far objects on the retina
Nearsightedness
Close objects are clear, but far objects are blurry
Farsightedness
Far objects are clear, but near objects are blurry
Retina
The tissue in the back surface of the eyeball that starts the processing of visual information; it has receptor rods, cones, and layers of neurons
the retina
where are receptor rods, cones, and layers of neurons found in the eye?
Photo Receptors
Specialized cells in the retina that are sensitive to light and convert light signals into information used by the brain to create a visual representation (they include rods and cones)
Rods
periphery, shapes and movement, low light, adaptation to light and dark
Cones
fovea, detail, color
Fovea
The part of the retina with central focus that cones cluster around
The Blind Spot
where the optic nerve meets the eye
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
The theory that there are 3 different types of color receptors in the retina: one for green, one for red, and one for blue; this theory proposes that when the 3 receptors are combined, they can produce any color
Opponent-Process Theory
The theory that opposing retinal processes allow color vision. This theory proposes that we can only see 1 of a pair of opposing colors'; for example: red+green, you’d only be able to see red, not a greenish-red
a long wavelength
the red cone produces what?
a medium wavelength
the green cone produces what?
a short wavelength
the blue cone produces what?
Afterimages
Part of the Opponent-Process theory; eyes relax, and the burst of energy makes the colors you see opposite of the colors you saw
Color Vision Deficiency
irregularities to 1 or more cones or ganglion cells (color blindness)
Monochromatism
a type of color blindness where no color can be seen
Dichromatism
a type of color blindness where 2 of 3 color pigments can be seen
Prosopagnosia
face blindness or the inability to recognize faces
Blindsight
A condition which results in responding to a visual stimulus but not being conscious of it
Wavelength
determines pitch
Amplitude
determines loudness or volume
more waves = ?
higher pitch
less waves = ?
lower pitch
higher wave = ?
higher volume
lower wave = ?
lower volume
Place Theory
The theory that the pitch we hear is determined by where sound waves trigger activity in the cochlea's basilar membrane
Frequency Theory
The theory that the brain senses pitch by monitoring the rate of nerve impulses as they travel up the auditory nerve
Valley Theory
Neural cells work together, alerting when they fire. Operating in rapid succession, they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000
Sound Localization
The ability to identify the position and changes in position of sound sources based on acoustic information
Conduction Deafness
Hearing loss due to damage to the mechanical system which conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Sensorineural Deafness
Nerve deafness; hearing loss due to damage to the cochlea's receptor cells (hair cells) or the auditory nerve
McGurk Effect
visual cues and sounds conflict
what you SEE will override what you HEAR
true
sense of smell
olfaction
sense of taste
gustation
umami
savory
olegustus
fatty and greasy
Gustatory System
the brain, mouth, and tongue
Gate-Control Theory
The theory that the spinal cord either blocks or lets in pain signals to report to the brain
Kinesthesis
The sense of movement
Vestibular Sense
Enables the maintenance of balance in part controlled by the semicircular canals which contain receptors that detect motions of the head
the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information
perception
information processing guided by higher level mental processes
Top-Down Processing
analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
Bottom-Up Processing
Schema
a collection of basic knowledge about a concept or entity that serves as a guide to perception, imagination, and problem solving
vulnerable to illusion
with top-down processing you are?
Perceptual Set
A mental assumption that affects the way something is perceived
Selective Attention
Particularly choosing a stimulus to focus on
Inattentional Blindness
Not visually recognizing objects visually when attention is directed somewhere else
Cocktail Party Effect
the ability to focus one’s attention (listening) on a single talked among a mixture of conversation
Depth Perception
Seeing objects in 3 dimensions which is how distance can be judged
Monocular Depth Cues
one eye
Binocular Depth Cues
both eyes
Retinal Disparity
A binocular cue that perceives depth by putting both retinal images from each eye together to produce one image
Convergence
The rotation of the two eyes inward toward a light source
Relative Clarity
indicates how sharp or distinct objects appear in our visual field, with closer objects appearing clearer than those further away
Relative Size
if separate objects are expected to be of the same size, the larger ones are seen as closer
Texture Gradient
the progressive decline in the resolution of textures as a viewer moves away
Linear Perspective
the size of an object is a function of its distance from the eye
Interposition
2 objects are in the same line of vision and the closer object, fully in view, partly conceals the farther object
Perceptual Constancy
Perceiving objects to remain the same, even after illumination and retinal images change
Stroboscopic Movement
The illusion that something is moving continuously
Phi Phenomenon
The illusion that two flickering lights are creating movement