Unit 1.5, 1.6, and 2.1, AP Psych Study Guide

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Sleep, Sensation, and Perception study guide

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92 Terms

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consciousness, wakefulness, and sleep

the levels of consciousness

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circadian rhythm

the body’s daily schedule on a 24.5-26-hour cycle

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Non-REM Sleep

this type of sleep is for the body

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REM Sleep

this type of sleep is for the brain

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Sleep Spindles

bursts of brain activity during Non-REM sleep

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Delta Waves

These waves occur in deep sleep

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Alpha Waves

These waves occur right before falling asleep, while still conscious

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Paradoxical Sleep

This occurs during REM Sleep; the body is paralyzed while the brain is active

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Restoration

Repairing the consequences of the activity associated with wakefulness

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Memory Consolidation

Changes in the brain structure and organization

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Insomnia

Inability to sleep

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Narcolepsy

Random attacks of REM sleep

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Sleep Apnea

Breathing stops during sleep until waking up to catch a breath

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Somnambulism

Sleep walking

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REM Behavior Disorder

acting out dreams while sleeping

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Dreams

story lines that the brain creates during sleep 

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Consolidation Theory

The theory that sleep plays a crucial role in turning new information into memories which allows us to learn and remember

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Activation Synthesis

The theory that the brain creates dreams to interpret and understand random neural activity that occurs while sleeping

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Sensation

receiving information from the environment

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Perception

interpreting information from the environment to identify the meaning

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Transduction

converting energy to a stimulus into neural acti

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Absolute Threshold

the minimum amount of ENERGY needed to produce sensation over 50% of the time

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Sensory Adaptation

when sensory receptor cells are constantly stimulated, they undergo a loss of sensitivity to stimuli

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Just-Noticeable Difference

the smallest difference between 2 stimuli that can be detected

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Weber’s Law

For 2 stimuli to be perceived as different they must differ by a specific PERCENTAGE

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Sensory Interaction

Our 5 senses influencing each other

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Synesthesia

When your brain routes sensory information through multiple unrelated senses, causing you to experience more than one sense

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Accommodation

The lens changing to focus on either near or far objects on the retina

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Nearsightedness

Close objects are clear, but far objects are blurry

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Farsightedness

Far objects are clear, but near objects are blurry

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Retina

The tissue in the back surface of the eyeball that starts the processing of visual information; it has receptor rods, cones, and layers of neurons

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the retina

where are receptor rods, cones, and layers of neurons found in the eye?

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Photo Receptors

Specialized cells in the retina that are sensitive to light and convert light signals into information used by the brain to create a visual representation (they include rods and cones)

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Rods

periphery, shapes and movement, low light, adaptation to light and dark

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Cones

fovea, detail, color

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Fovea

The part of the retina with central focus that cones cluster around

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The Blind Spot

where the optic nerve meets the eye

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Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

The theory that there are 3 different types of color receptors in the retina: one for green, one for red, and one for blue; this theory proposes that when the 3 receptors are combined, they can produce any color

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Opponent-Process Theory

The theory that opposing retinal processes allow color vision. This theory proposes that we can only see 1 of a pair of opposing colors'; for example: red+green, you’d only be able to see red, not a greenish-red

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a long wavelength

the red cone produces what?

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a medium wavelength

the green cone produces what?

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a short wavelength

the blue cone produces what?

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Afterimages

Part of the Opponent-Process theory; eyes relax, and the burst of energy makes the colors you see opposite of the colors you saw

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Color Vision Deficiency

irregularities to 1 or more cones or ganglion cells (color blindness)

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Monochromatism

a type of color blindness where no color can be seen

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Dichromatism

a type of color blindness where 2 of 3 color pigments can be seen

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Prosopagnosia

face blindness or the inability to recognize faces

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Blindsight

A condition which results in responding to a visual stimulus but not being conscious of it

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Wavelength

determines pitch

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Amplitude

determines loudness or volume

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more waves = ?

higher pitch

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less waves = ?

lower pitch

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higher wave = ?

higher volume

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lower wave = ?

lower volume

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Place Theory

The theory that the pitch we hear is determined by where sound waves trigger activity in the cochlea's basilar membrane

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Frequency Theory

The theory that the brain senses pitch by monitoring the rate of nerve impulses as they travel up the auditory nerve

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Valley Theory

Neural cells work together, alerting when they fire. Operating in rapid succession, they can achieve a combined frequency above 1000

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Sound Localization

The ability to identify the position and changes in position of sound sources based on acoustic information

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Conduction Deafness

Hearing loss due to damage to the mechanical system which conducts sound waves to the cochlea

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Sensorineural Deafness

Nerve deafness; hearing loss due to damage to the cochlea's receptor cells (hair cells) or the auditory nerve

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McGurk Effect

visual cues and sounds conflict

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what you SEE will override what you HEAR

true

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sense of smell

olfaction

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sense of taste

gustation

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umami

savory

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olegustus

fatty and greasy

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Gustatory System

the brain, mouth, and tongue

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Gate-Control Theory

The theory that the spinal cord either blocks or lets in pain signals to report to the brain

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Kinesthesis

The sense of movement

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Vestibular Sense

Enables the maintenance of balance in part controlled by the semicircular canals which contain receptors that detect motions of the head

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the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory information

perception

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information processing guided by higher level mental processes

Top-Down Processing

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analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

Bottom-Up Processing

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Schema

a collection of basic knowledge about a concept or entity that serves as a guide to perception, imagination, and problem solving

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vulnerable to illusion

with top-down processing you are?

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Perceptual Set

A mental assumption that affects the way something is perceived

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Selective Attention

Particularly choosing a stimulus to focus on

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Inattentional Blindness

Not visually recognizing objects visually when attention is directed somewhere else

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Cocktail Party Effect

the ability to focus one’s attention (listening) on a single talked among a mixture of conversation

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Depth Perception

Seeing objects in 3 dimensions which is how distance can be judged

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Monocular Depth Cues

one eye

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Binocular Depth Cues

both eyes

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Retinal Disparity

A binocular cue that perceives depth by putting both retinal images from each eye together to produce one image

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Convergence

The rotation of the two eyes inward toward a light source

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Relative Clarity

indicates how sharp or distinct objects appear in our visual field, with closer objects appearing clearer than those further away

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Relative Size

if separate objects are expected to be of the same size, the larger ones are seen as closer

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Texture Gradient

the progressive decline in the resolution of textures as a viewer moves away

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Linear Perspective

the size of an object is a function of its distance from the eye

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Interposition

2 objects are in the same line of vision and the closer object, fully in view, partly conceals the farther object

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Perceptual Constancy

Perceiving objects to remain the same, even after illumination and retinal images change

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Stroboscopic Movement

The illusion that something is moving continuously

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Phi Phenomenon

The illusion that two flickering lights are creating movement