bio 4

What does energy balance refer to?

The relationship between energy intake and energy expenditure, crucial for maintaining body weight.

What is metabolism?

All biochemical processes that convert food into energy, regulated by hormones and influenced by factors such as exercise and temperature.

What role does the liver play in blood glucose regulation?

The liver performs gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose during the postabsorptive state.

How does insulin affect blood glucose levels?

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels.

What is basal metabolic rate (BMR)?

The rate of energy expenditure at rest.

Which hormones influence metabolism and appetite?

Insulin, glucagon, leptin, and ghrelin.

What are major components of the excretory system?

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.

What forms can nitrogenous wastes take?

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid.

What is the primary process involved in kidney function?

Filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion.

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

It regulates hormone release from the pituitary gland.

What are the two main divisions of the nervous system?

Central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

What is an action potential?

A rapid change in membrane potential that propagates along the axon.

What is the role of neurotransmitters?

Chemical messengers released at synapses to transmit signals.

How do ligand-gated ion channels function?

They open in response to the binding of neurotransmitters.

Distinguish between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells requiring insulin therapy, while Type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance managed with lifestyle changes.

What are the key roles of aldosterone and ADH in the body?

Aldosterone regulates sodium reabsorption, and ADH regulates water balance by promoting water reabsorption in kidneys.