Human Anatomy Chapter 1 - 2025

Define human anatomy

The study of the internal and external structures of the body and the relationship between body parts

What is an eponym

A person after whom a discovery, invention, etc. is named or thought to be named

A name or noun formed after a person

What does a prefix describe based on an anatomical term?

What about the middle and ending?

Give some examples

A prefix describes the shape, size, color, direction, or part of the body

The middle is the root and is often describing the part of the body

Suffix: can be = prefix / describe a test or a problem

Encephalitis :

Encephalo - brain

itis - inflammation

Luekocyte

leuko - white

cyte - cell

What is the difference between microscopic and gross anatomy?

Microscopic : the study of structures that can only be seen with a magnification

Gross: can be seen with the naked eye

What are some examples of ways to approach gross anatomy?

Surface, regional, and systemic (SRS)

How is surface anatomy defined

The study of the external features of the body and how they relate to deeper structures beneath the skin

Surface anatomy = learning the body’s “map” from the outside, to understand hats underneath

Regional

The study of the structures of the human body by specific regions/areas and the organs within that specific region

studying the body part by part, focusing on all structures in a specific REGION, rather than by system

Systemic

The study of the body’s organ systems

What are the levels of organization

Chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organismal levels

Define the levels or organization

Chemical - atoms and molecules (smallest building blocks)

Cellular level - organelles working together inside a cell

Tissue level - groups of similar cells performing a function

Organ level - two or more tissues forming a structure

Organ system level - related organs working together

Organismal level - all systems combined into one living being

Name off the organ systems

Hint (first letter of each system)

I

S

M

N

E

C

L

R

D

U

M

F

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I - Integumentary system

S - skeletal system

M - muscular system

N - Nervous system

E - endocrine system

C - cardiovascular system

L - lymphatic system / immunity

R - respiratory

D - digestive

U - urinary

M.R. - male reproductive

F. R. - Female reproductive

Describe what each system does using one word

• Integumentary → Protects

• Skeletal → Supports

• Muscular → Moves

• Nervous → Controls

• Endocrine → Regulates

• Cardiovascular → Transports

• Lymphatic → Defends

• Respiratory → Breathes

• Digestive → Breaks-down

• Urinary → Eliminates

• Male reproductive → Delivers

• Female reproductive → Nurtures

Now describe what body parts are in each system (you do not need to memorize ALL of that)

• Integumentary → skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands

• Skeletal → bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments

• Muscular → skeletal muscles, tendons

• Nervous → brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs (eyes, ears, etc.)

• Endocrine → glands (pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, ovaries, testes)

• Cardiovascular → heart, blood, blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries)

• Lymphatic → lymph nodes, lymph vessels, spleen, thymus, tonsils

• Respiratory → lungs, trachea, bronchi, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx

• Digestive → mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

• Urinary → kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

• Male reproductive → testes, penis, prostate, ducts, glands

• Female reproductive → ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, mammary glands

Give me instructions on how to perform an accurate standard anatomical position

Standing with legs together, feet flat on the floor, hands at the sides and palms facing forward

Ventral/Dorsal

Anterior/posterior

front/back

front of body/back of body

Anterior = “A” for ahead/front

• Posterior = “P” for posterior/back

• Think of a dorsal fin on a dolphin 🐬 → it’s always on the back.

• Ventral rhymes a bit with “central/front” → belly side

Supine/prone

Laying on spine/laying on belly

Abdominal quadrants , explain them and what organs are in each

Y and X axis on the front of belly

Right upper quadrants (RUQ)

right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine

Left upper Quadrant (LUQ)

Left love of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

Cecum, appendix, portions of small intestine, reproductive organs (right ovary in female and right spermatic cord in males), and right ureter

Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

Most of the small intestine, portion of the large intestine, left ureterm and reproductive organs (left ovary in female and left spermatic cord in male)

Locate and describe these internal organs

Left hypochondriac region

Left Lumbar region

Left Inguinal region

Right hydrochondriac region

Right lumbar region

Right inguinal region

Epigastric region

Umbilical region

Hypogastric (pubic) region

Subcostal line

Trastubercular line

Midclavicular line

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