Anatomy, Neuroanatomy, & Physiology of the Speech Mechanisms

Respiration relies on the muscles of inspiration and expiration. The thick dome-shaped muscle that separates the abdomen from the thorax is called the

Diaphragm

Which branch of the vagus nerve innervates the cricothyroid muscle?

Superior Laryngeal nerve

The primary muscle of the lips is the

orbicularis oris

The neurons that transmit information away from the brain are called

efferent neurons

An important structure adjacent to the brainstem that contains the hypothalamus (which controls emotions) and the thalamus (which relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex) is called the

diencephalon

The corpus striatum is composed of three nuclear masses, which are the

globus pallidus, caudate nucleus, and putamen

The structure that regulates body posture, equilibrium, and coordinated fine motor movements is the

cerebellum.

The anterior cerebral artery supplies blood to the

corpus callosum and basal ganglia

The laryngopharynx and the oropharynx add resonance to sounds produced by the larynx. The nasopharynx adds noticeable resonance to which sounds?

m, n, ng

These are composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending from the tips of the arytenoid cartilages to the epiglottis. They separate the laryngeal vestibule from the pharynx and help preserve the airway.

Aryepiglottic Folds

The cranial nerve that innervates the larynx and also innervates the levator velli palatini, palatoglossus, and palatopharyngeus muscles is

vagus nerve

Muscles that contribute to velopharyngeal closure are the

levator veli palatini, musculus uvulae, superio rpharyngeal constrictor, palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus, and salpingopharyngeus

The structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible is called the

lingual frenum

When a person is producing voiced and voiceless /th/, the muscle that is most involved is the

genioglossus muscle

Which muscles from the list below are the most inolved in adducting the vocal folds

lateral cricoarytenoids and transverse arytenoids are the primary muscles responsible for closing the vocal folds during phonation. T

The largest branch of the internal carotid artery that supplies the entire lateral surface of the cortex including the major regions of the frontal lobe is the

middle cerebral artery primary supplier of blood to the lateral aspects of the brain, responsible for functions related to movement, sensation, and communication.

The primary motor cortex that lies anterior to the central sulcus and controls movements of the skeletal muscles on the opposite side of the body is located on the

precentral gyrus is the location of the primary motor cortex. It is responsible for the voluntary movement on the contralateral side of the body. Lesions to the precentral gyrus may result in paralysis of the contralateral side of the body.

The meninges contain several layers of protective tissue. The delicate, thin, transparent membrane that adheres to the brain surface and closely follows its gyri and sulci is called the

pia mater is located very close to the surface of the brain. It has delicate connective tissue that allows small blood vessels to cover all the external surfaces of the central nervous system. The pia mater helps to contain cerebrospinal fluid.

Interhemispheric fibers form the medullary center of the brain. These nerve fibers of the medullary center are divided into projection, association, and comissural fibers. The most important association fibers that lie just below the surface of the cortex and connect Broca’s area with Wernicke’s are called the

superior longitudinal fibers (arcuate fasiculus)

Large neurons that are found in the cerebellum and release gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are called

pukinje cells