BIO EXAM CARDS

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30 Terms

1

Science

The study of the natural world using problem-solving tools like tests and experiments to gather factual information.

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2

Limitations of Science

Science has limitations, particularly when technology and ethical considerations challenge past theories or beliefs.

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3

Scientific Method

A process for testing ideas and hypotheses, ensuring accountability in experiments.

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4

Placebo

A false treatment given to minimize bias by suggestion during experiments.

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5

Hypothesis vs. Theory

A well-tested hypothesis becomes a theory after extensive testing; a theory explains broader phenomena.

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6

Biology

The science of life involving the study of living organisms and their processes.

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7

Characteristics of Life

Key characteristics include order, evolutionary adaptation, response to environment, reproduction, growth, energy processing, and regulation.

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8

Levels of Biological Organization

Ranges from atoms and molecules to the biosphere, including cells, tissues, organs, and ecosystems.

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9

Taxonomy

The branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth.

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10

Three Domains of Life

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

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11

Biological Classification

Structured as Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

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12

Importance of Chemistry in Biology

Chemistry is fundamental as organisms are composed of matter, and biological processes depend on chemical reactions.

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13

Elements

Substances that cannot be broken down by chemical reactions; vital for life including carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur.

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14

Atoms Composition

Atoms consist of protons (positive charge), neutrons (no charge), and electrons (negative charge).

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15

Atomic Number and Mass

Atomic number is the number of protons in an atom; atomic mass is the combined mass of protons and neutrons.

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16

Electron Configuration

Describes the arrangement of electrons in an atom’s orbitals.

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17

Covalent Bonds

Bonds formed when two atoms share electrons to complete their valence shells.

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18

Ionic Bonds

Bonds formed when one atom transfers electrons to another, resulting in charged ions.

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19

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak attractions between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.

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20

Importance of Water for Life

Water is essential as it makes up 70-95% of cells and supports stable chemical environments.

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21

Key Properties of Water

Cohesion, ability to moderate temperature, expansion upon freezing, and versatility as a solvent.

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22

Cohesion and Adhesion

Cohesion is attraction between water molecules; adhesion is attraction between water and other surfaces.

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23

Water's High Specific Heat

Water can absorb or release heat with minor temperature changes, stabilizing temperatures.

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24

Evaporative Cooling

Occurs when water absorbs heat as it evaporates, regulating temperatures in organisms.

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25

Expansion Upon Freezing

Water expands as it freezes due to hydrogen bonds forming structured arrangements.

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26

Water's Role as a Solvent

Water can dissolve ionic compounds and polar molecules by forming hydration shells.

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27

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from higher to lower concentration.

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28

Tonicity in Osmosis

Describes the relative concentration of solutes in solutions: isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic.

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29

pH Scale

Measures hydrogen ion concentration in a solution, ranging from 0 (acidic) to 14 (basic).

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30

Buffers

Substances that maintain pH stability by absorbing or releasing H+ ions.

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