Macro and Micro Nutrients (Week 1)

Nutrition

• is the sum of all the interaction between an organism and the food it consumes

• It is what the person eats and how the body uses it

Function of Nutrition

• To maintain Life by allowing one to grow and be in state of optimum health

• For FOOD

• Nutrients

• Calorie

Nutrients

• are organic or inorganic substances found in foods that are required for body functioning

Nutritive Value

• the nutrient content of a specified amount of food

• REMEMBER THAT THERE IS NO FOOD THAT PROvIDES ALL ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

Organic Nutrients

• CHO

• CHON

• FATS

• VITS

Inorganic Nutrients

• H20

• Minerals

Carbohydrates

• the primary source of fuel for the brain and the rest of the body

• 50 - 70% of total energy requirement

• Has Sugars

• Organic compounds composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen

Saccharide

• derived from Greek word meaning starches and sugars

• Chiefly Found in plants and produced by the process of photosynthesis from ( H2O, CO2, and Sun)

Classification of Carbohydrates

• Monosaccharides

• Disaccharides

• Complex Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides

Glucose

• Physiologic sugar or blood sugar, dextrose, grape sugar

• stores last only for hours

• moderately sweet sugar works for the body’s brain, nerve cells, RBC

• abundant in fruits, sweet corn, corn syrup

Fructose

• Fruit sugar

• Sweetest of all sugar

• Levulose

• Came from ripe fruits and honey

Galactose

• Not found in nature and free foods

• Produced from lactose by digestion and is converted into glucose

Monosaccharides

• Simples form of Sugar

• Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Lycopene

• color red

Carotene

• color orange or yellow

Anthocyanin

• Color blue or violet

Cruciferae

• color green or white

Disaccharides

• has two sugar molecules

• Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose

Sucrose

• cane sugar, table sugar, beet sugar

• glucose + fructose

Maltose

• derived from digestion of starches

• glucose + glucose

Lactose

• also known as milk sugar

• least sweet among sugars

• came from milk and milk products

• glucose + galactose

Complex Carbohydrates or Polysaccharides

• Contains many monosaccharides linked together

• starch, dextrin, glycogen, fiber

Starch

• storage form of carbohydrates in plants

• supply energy for a long period of time

• sources are cereal grains, rice, wheat

Dextrin

• derived from dextrose (glucose)

• a low-molecular-weight carbohydrate produced from the hydrolysis of starches

• an intermediate product of starch digestion plus acid with application of heat of 150-200 Celsius.

• Has an adhesive qualities and safety

Indigestible form of dextrin

• often used as fiber supplement

Glycogen

• animal starch

• storage form of CHO in the body found in the liver and muscle

• source is liver, oyster, muscle meat

Muscle Glycogen

• supplies energy directly to surrounding tissues during work and exercise

Liver Glycogen

• is converted to glucose to be used in the body through the process called “glycogenolysis”

Fibers

• Roughage (indigestible material) because they form bulk of the diet

• act as broom in our digestive tract

• not digested by human due to lack of enzyme that will split or break it

Fiber Daily Requirement

• 20-30g per day

Gluconeogenesis

• process where protein is converted into glucose

Ketosis

• Less available CHO for energy - more fats to be broken down - forms ketone bodies

Glycogen storage disease

• also known as glycogenolysis and dextrinosis

• a metabolic disorder caused by enzyme deficiencies affecting either glycogen synthesis or glycolysis typically within muscles or liver cells

• has two classes (genetic or acquired)

Glycogen Storage Disease Type 1

• also known as Gierke disease

• most common type of GSD

• Genetic disease results from deficiency of glucose-6-phosphatase

• 1 in 50k to 100k birth (occurence)

Functions of CHO

• chief source of energy, protein sparing

• takes part in building body tissues to some limited extent

• regulatory of intestinal peristalsis and provider of bulk

Lack of CHO results

• underweight/rapid weight loss

• general weakness

• poor physical performance

• fainting or collapse in severe deficiency

• Hypoglycemia

Excessive CHO results

• dental caries

• obesity

• diabetes mellitus

• gas formation

Proteins (CHON)

• 10-15% of total energy requirement needs

• complete and incomplete proteins

• has amino acids (building units of body)

• organic compounds (carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, and nitrogen)

• normal osmotic relations in body fluids (albumin)

Simple Proteins

• Albumins

• Globulins

• Histone

• Protamine

• Collagen

• Keratin

Albumins

• soluble in water, coagulated by heat

Globulins

• insoluble in water, soluble in salt solution

• coagulated by heat

Essential Amino Acid

• are indispensable amino acid that one cannot be synthesized by the body

• Isoleucine

• Lysine

• Leucine

• Valine

• Methionine

• Phenylalanine

• Threonine

• Tryptophan

• Histidine

Semi-Essential amino acid

• semi indispensable amino acid

• reduces a need for a particular EAA and partially spares it

• Arginine

• Tyrosine

• Cystine

• Glycine

• Serine

Non Essential Amino Acids

• is not dietary essential because the body can synthesize it

• Glutamic acid

• Aspartic acid

• alanine

• proline

• norleucine

• citrulline

• Hydroxyglycine

• Hydroxyproline

Marasmus

• food deprivation : severe

• Onset : 6months-4years

• Deficiency : CHON and Calories

• Appearance : Old Man’s Face

Kwashiorkor

• food deprivation : semi-starvation

• Onset : 1-6 years

• Deficiency : CHON only

• Appearance : Moon’s Face

Functions of CHON

• Build and Repairs body tissue for growth and maintenance

• Builds Resistance to infection by helping form antibodies

• Supplies additional energy

• Contributes to numerous body secretions and fluids

• Maintain water balance

Catabolism

• continued wear and tear going on in the body

• demolition crew of the body

Anabolism

• repairs the worn out body tissue

Sources of Protein

• animal source - egg, milk, milk products, meat, fish, poultry, and seafoods

• plant source - cereals, legumes, processed vegetable protein

Lack of CHON results

• retarded growth in children

• low resistance to infection at any age

• slow recovery from illnesses

• LBW

• Protein energy malnutrition

• Loss of weight

• Edema, skin lesions, mental sluggishness

Excessive CHON results

• increase work on kidneys

• mineral losses (calcium excretion)

• Obesity

• Heart Disease

• Cancer

Fats

• 20-30% of Total Energy requirement

• Facilitate absorption of the fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K)

• As insulator, protector

• Serve as the continuing supply of energy each and every hour

Two Fatty Acid

• basic structural unit of fa

• they are the key refined fuel forms of fat that the cell burns for energy

Simple Lipids

• Neutral Fats

• Chem name is Triglycerides

Glycerol

• derived from a water soluble form of CHO

Compound Lipids

• combination of fats with other components

• important in human nutrition

Phospholipids

• fatty acids, phosphoric acids, and nitrogenous base

• Lecithin, Cephalin, Sphigomyelin

Lecithin

• most widely distributed phospholipids

• traces placed in liver, egg yolk, and vegetable oil

• added to food products such as cheese and margarine to aid emulsification

Cephalin

• needed to form thromboplastin for blood clotting

Sphingomyelin

• found in brain and other nerve tissue

• serves as insulator around nerve

Glycolipids

• fatty acids combined with CHO and nitrogen

Lipoprotein

• lipids combination of protein

Chylomicrons

• transports diet-derived lipids

• mostly triglycerides

Pre-Beta Lipoprotein

• Very low density lipoprotein

• fat circulating in the blood during fasting state

Beta Lipoprotein

• Low Density Lipoprotein

• transport in the artery wall

Alpha Protein

• scavengers

• good cholesterol

Derived lipids

• fat substances produced from fats and fat compounds

saturated fatty acids

• not as good fats

• palmitic and stearic acids

• full-fat dairy products and fatty animal proteins

monounsaturated fatty acids

• can help to lower triglyceride levels and decrease inflammation

• oleic acid (omega 9)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

• linolenic acid

• Vitamin F, Omega 3

• Omega 6

Steroids

• fat related substances that contain sterols

• main member is cholesterol - important constituent of body cells and tissues

Fat Soluble Vitamins

• not absolutely needed daily from food sources

• Have precursors

• stored in the body

• deficiency develops slow

Water Soluble Vitamins

• Must be supplied everyday in the diet

• do not have precursors

• not stored in the body, excreted in urine

• deficiency develops very fast

Vitamin B1

• Normal function of the heart, muscle, and nerves

Vitamin B3

• keeps normal act of the GIT and CNS

• Maintain healthy skin

• Deficiency is Pellagra (4D)

Vitamin B1 deficiency

• Beri Beri

Vitamin B3 deficiency

• Pellagra 4D

Vitamin B2

• maintain health tongue, mouth, and ocular

Vitamin B2 Deficiency

• ariboflavinosis

• magenta red tongue (glossitis)

• Cheilosis

• Photophobia

Vitamin B6

• essential for the formation of tryptophan and conversion to Vit B3

• Taken with Isoniazid

Vitamin B6 Deficiency

• Peripheral Neuritis

Vitamin B9

• Essential for formation of RBC

• Taken with Iron supplement during pregnancy

Vitamin B9 Deficiency

• megaloblastic anemia

• Neural Tube Defect

Vitamin B12

• essential for formation of RBC and helps maintain nerve cells

Vitamin B12 Deficiency

• Pernicious Anemia

Vitamin C

• Antioxidant

• Immune system

• Iron Absorption

• Healing of Wounds and Fracture

Vitamin C Deficiency

• Scurvy

Vitamin A

• Growth and development of skeletal tissue

• eyesight

• antioxidant

Vitamin A Deficiency

• Night blindness

• BItot’s spot

• Xerophthalmia

• Faulty skeletal and dental development

Vit A Excess

• Hepatomegaly

Vitamin D

• Calcium Absorption and Phosphorous absorption

• essential for the formation of normal teeth and bones

Vitamin D Deficiency

• Rickets in children

• Osteomalacia in adults

Vitamin D Excess

• Muscle Spasms

• demineralization of bones and deposits in soft tissues

• kidney stones

Vitamin E

• Antioxidant

• healthy skin

Vitamin E deficiency

• Anemia

• Nerve Degeneration

• Weakness

Vitamin E excess

• cramps

• diarrhea

• blurred vision

• headache

Vitamin K

• Essential for Blood Clotting

Vitamin K Deficiency

• excessive bleeding

• easy bruising

Calcium and Phosphorous

• makes up 80% of all mineral elements in body