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Where are natural cellulose fibers derived from?
plant, animals, or minerals
What are the two types of manufactured fibers?
regenerated + synthetic
What is a regenerated fiber?
artificial fibres transformed from plant cellulose into yarn
What is a synthetic fiber?
man-made fibers, created through chemical processes from raw materials like petroleum, natural gas, or coal, and are not derived from natural sources like plants or animals
What fiber is most popular in the world?
Cotton !!!!
About Cotton:
Seed fiber grown as a protective case around the seed of a cotton plant, Soft and fluffy, Off white in color, More than 6000 years , First found in Pakistan: then brought to Europe
Manufactured characteristics of Cotton:
Conventional cotton, Extremely high moisture levels, Rain fall or irrigation,warm dry season during picking, Ginning, Toxic chemical with cotton and water usage
Characteristics of Cotton:
Light weight, Durable, Breathable, Aborbs and releases fiber, Prone to discolor after wash, Always shrink, Wrinkles easily
About Flax:
Sustainable fiber, Linen, Oldest and strongest natural bast fibers, Extracted by a plant, Natural luster, Ivory to light tan to gray, Isreal, Linen was used to wrap mummies, Slightly silky, Durable, High temperature, Breathable, Does not st, retch, Insect resistance, Absorbs moisture, Cant dye or bleach
What is Kapok?
renewable natural plant fiber, often referdd to as poor mans silk, obtained from the fruit of the kapok tree, white to light brown, consists of silky textures, south America late 19th century, light weight, 8 times lighter than cotton, soft and silky, water repellent, highly flammable, insulate sound, absorbs oil and dyes well, biodegradable,
What is Coir?
coconut husks, doormats, thickest of all commercial natural fibers, gold, india, ropes and cords, durable and thick, able to insulate heat, retains moisture, resistant to salt water damage, unable to insulate sound, very hard to dye
What is Ramie?
stron platn fiber similar to linen, china grass, oldest fiber, strongest natural plant fiber, natural white, blend with cotton, polyester, wool, prehistoric times I nchina and india, used in ancient Egypt, stiff and brittle, softens with age, strength increases when white, hold garment shape well, withstands heat, antibacterial, dyes well, shrinks,
What is Hemp?
sustainable textiles, super fiber, light In color, environmental friendly, blended with other fibers, course, oldest, 8000 bc, middle estearn civilization, 8x stronger than cotton, strength increases when wet, uv resistant, mildew and insect resistat, very hard to. Dye, wrinkly, biodegradable,
What is Jute?
low cost, low maintenance, fast growing, natural plant fiber, golden fiber, golden brown with luster, second to cotton when it come to production, most affordable fibers, originate din india, gorwn on farms for centuries, late 1800s, durable, strength decreases when wet, hold garment shape well, biodegradable,
What is Abaca?
low cost, silk like texture, extracted from leaf by trunk, close relative to banana tree, strongest natural fiber, dutch, ships, phillipines, light weight, high elasticity, resistant to salt water damage, takes dye well
What is Sisal?
often used for ropes, strong course fiber, obtained from sisal plant, long fiber, leaves are beaten and separated tough from beaten, light in color, Mexico, pre Columbian times, durable, water resitant, insulate sound, takes dye well, biodegradable,
What three fibers are apart of Seed Fibers?
Cotton, Kapok, Coir
What five fibers are apart of Bast Fibers?
Flax, Ramie, Hemp, Jute, Kenaf
What five fibers are apart of Leaf Fibers?
Pina, Sisal, Henequen, Ixle, Abaca
What are the Properties of Cellulose Fibers?
absorbent, greater wet strength than dry strength, good heat conductor, withstands high temperatures, low resiliency, lacks loft
What is Cotton Ginning?
removing the seeds from the cotton fibers
Production of Cotton:
Cotton needs a long, hot growing season
Cotton grows worldwide
In U.S., southern states, from South Carolina to California
Longer fiber = …… quality
higher
What is used to determine the class of the cotton fiber?
High Volume Instrument (HVI)
What is the chemical composition of cotton?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
What is organic cotton?
produced following organic farming practices (no synthetic pesticides or fertilizers are used) for at least 3 years
What is Transition cotton?
produced on land where organic farming is practiced, but the 3-year minimum has not been met
What is Green cotton?
Cotton fabric that has been washed with mild natural-based soap but has not been bleached or treated with other chemicals, expect natural dyes
T or F? Cotton has better wet strength than dry strength
True
T or F? It is possible to see the twists in cotton under a microscope
True
T or F? Glucose is the basic monomer of cotton
True
T or F? Coir fibers come from coconut trees
True
T or F? Flax fibers are shorter than cotton fibers
False
What is Retting?
decomposing the pectin by bacteria rotting and loosen the fibers so that fibers can be removed from the stalk
What is unique to flax:
•Does not lint
•Produced in Western Europe, Belgium, France, Italy, Ireland, U.K., Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland
–Also produced in Russia and New Zealand
•Is a prestige fiber
–Fabric made from flax is called linen
Environmental Impacts of Flax:
•Less environmental impact than cotton
•Retting may cause environmental problems
Seed Fibers:
•Seed fibers develop in the seedpod of the plant.
•In order to use the fiber, it must be separated from the seed.
•By far the most important seed fiber is cotton.
Cotton:
Cotton's combination of properties makes it ideal for warm-weather apparel, activewear, work clothes, upholstery, draperies, area rugs, towels, and bedding.
Cotton is also a major component of many blends in which manufactured fibers such as rayon or polyester are added to the fabric.
Production of Cotton:
Cotton grows in any place where the growing season is long (cotton needs 160 to 180 days to mature) and the climate is temperate to hot with adequate rainfall or irrigation.
Cellulose will not form if the temperature is below 70°F.
Cotton grows on bushes 3 to 6 feet high.
After the blossom drops off, the boll or seedpod begins to grow.
Inside the boll are seven to eight seeds with several hundred thousand cotton fibers.
T or F? Cotton can take place when growing season is short and cold
False
T or F? Flax is a seed fiber
False
Physical structure of cotton:
• Staple length is very important because it determines how the fiber is handled during the spinning process.
• Length also relates to fiber fineness and fiber tensile strength, important considerations for end use and performance.
The cotton fiber is made up of a cuticle, primary wall, secondary wall, and lumen.
Which is the oldest documented fibers?
flax
T or F? Flax has less of an environmental impact than cotton
True
T or F? Flax burns readily in a manner very similar to that of cotton
True
