Cytoplasm and Organelles Notes

Cytoplasm is a __________ made up of water and soluble molecules such as proteins and sugars.

gel-like solution

Organelles are the ___________ machinery structures of the cell, each with specialized functions.

metabolic

The ___________ is a series of flexible protein rods in the cytosol, supporting cellular structures and aiding in cell movement.

cytoskeleton

___________ are finger-like extensions of the plasma membrane that increase surface area.

Microvilli

Microtubules are hollow tubes made of __________, giving the cell its shape and distribution of organelles.

tubulin

The ___________ organizes microtubules and the mitotic spindle during cell division.

centrosome

___________ are longer extensions that propel the whole cell, such as the tail of sperm.

Flagella

Ribosomes are the site of __________ synthesis in the cell.

protein

____________ ER is studded with ribosomes for manufacturing proteins.

Rough

The Golgi apparatus is the 'FedEx' of the system that modifies, concentrates, and packages __________ and lipids.

proteins

Secretory vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane to __________ their contents outside the cell.

exocytose

Lysosomes contain enzymes to digest particles taken in by __________, degrade worn-out organelles, and perform glycogenolysis.

endocytosis

Ubiquitin signals proteins to be __________ by marking them for destruction.

destroyed

Mitochondria produce most of a cell’s ATP by breaking down food molecules and transferring the energy into __________ bonds.

phosphate

The __________ membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes for protein synthesis.

rough

The __________ elements are the scaffolding of the cell, composed of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules, providing shape and support.

cytoskeletal

Centrioles are cylindrical structures that are crucial for the formation of __________ and flagella during cell division and motility.

cilia

Cilia are __________ extensions that move in a coordinated manner to help in fluid movement, while microvilli increase surface area for absorption.

hair-like

Ribosomes are composed of rRNA and __________, serving as the site of protein synthesis in both free and membrane-bound states.

proteins

The __________ ER synthesizes lipids and detoxifies certain chemicals, while the rough ER is associated with protein synthesis.

smooth

The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and __________ proteins and lipids received from the ER before they are sent to their final destinations.

packages

Lysosomes contain enzymes that digest cellular waste, whereas peroxisomes are involved in the breakdown of __________ and the detoxification of harmful substances.

fatty acids

Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of the cell because they produce __________ through cellular respiration, supplying energy for cellular activities.

ATP