B io 252

transverse plane

Divides body into superior and inferior parts

Frontal/coronal plane

Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right parts

Your fingers are ____ to your elbow

distal

C1 nerves exit ___ to the Cervical vertebrae

Superior

Lumbar and thoracic nerves exit _ to the vertebrae

Inferior

white matter

Myelinated axons

Lateral column

Contains the spinothalimic track

Ventral column

Contains the portico spinal track

Tract

Bundle of neurons

dorsal horn

All sensory information

Ventral horn

Somatic motor information

Lateral horn

Visceral motor information

Dorsal root

Carries all sensory information

ventral root

Carries all motor information

Dorsal ramus

Sensory and motor information from back of torso, / body

Ventral ramus

Sensory / motor information from torso, body, and limbs

Communicating rami

Sensory and motor information from visceral organs

Cervical plexus

innervates neck muscles

Brachial plexus

innervates upper appendages

Lumbrosachral plexus

Innervates lower appendages

Decussation

When a neuron crosses over to the opposite side. Of the spinal card

SoinothALIMIC

Spine to brain, sensory

Cortico spinal

Brain to spine, motor

Neural tube

Precursor structure to the CNS

Ventricles

Interconnected cavities that house cerebrospinal fluid

Choroid plexus

Structure that produces CSF

Lateral ventricles

Set of ventricles that lie within the cerebral hemisphere

Third ventricle

Surrounded by the thalamus

Fourth ventricle

Surrounded by the pons and cerebellum

Meninges of the brain

Dura mater, arachnoid space sub arachnoid space pia mater

sulcus (sulci)

Valley or groove

Cyrus (gyro)

Ridge or fold

central sulcus

separates frontal and parietal lobes

Lateral sulcus

Divides the temporal lobe from the frontal and parietal lobe

Frontal lobe

In the front

temporal lobe

By your temples, closest to ears (auditory processing)

parietal lobe

Parents Pat the top of your head

Occipital lobe

Process visual information

Insular lobe

The lobe tucked away in the lateral sulcus.

Precentral gyrus

primary motor cortex

poscentral gyrus

primary somatosensory cortex

commissural tracts

Connects the left and right side of the brain

Projection tracts

Connects higher and lower regions of the CNS

Association tracts

Connects one part of the context to adjacent regions of the same hemisphere

Corpus callosum

Bundle of white matter tracts containing axons responsible for communication between cerebral hemispheres

Basal nuclei

Clusters of gray matter that initiate movements in antagonistic muscle pairs

Amygdala

Responsible for memory, decision, and emotional responses

Hippocampus

Responsible for memory

Epithalamus

Contains the pineal gland and choroid plexus

Pineal gland

secretes melatonin

Thalamus

Neural relay station

Hypothalamus

Responds to stimuli by releasing hormones (PBAES)

cerebral peduncles

White matter tracts to and from cerebral hemispheres

corpora quadrigemina

Visual (superior) and auditory (inferior) reflexes

Pons

Passage for neurons

Medulla oblongota

Cardiovascular control, respiratory control, gi tract

Cerebellum

Controls proprioception and balance that contains 2 hemispheres connected by a vermis and contains white matter called arbor vitrae

Limbic system

Recognizes social cues such as facial expressions, elicits emotions and memory

Reticular formation

Responsible for limiting and filtering sensory information from reaching conscious mind

Cranial nerve one

Olfactory (smell) sensory

Cranial nerve two

Optic (eyes) sensory

Cranial nerve three

Oculomotor (eye movement) motor

Cranial nerve four

Trochlear (eye movement) motor

Cranial nerve five

Trigeminal (chewing and facial sensory information) motor and sensory

Cranial nerve six

Abdomens (eye movement) motor

Cranial nerve seven

Facial (expression muscles and anterior taste buds)motor and sensory

Cranial nerve eight

Vesticbulochoclear (ear balance and equilibrium) sensory

Cranial nerve nine

Glossopharyngeal (swallowing and posterior taste buds) motor and sensory

Cranial nerve ten

Vagus (some internal organs) motor and sensory

Cranial nerve eleven

Spinal accessory(stimulation to the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles) motor

Cranial nerve twelve

Hypoglossal (stimulation of tongue) motor

Olfactory track

Olfactory epithelium, olfactory nerves, olfactory bulbs, olfactory tracts, olfactory cortex in temporal lobe

Optic track

Optic nerves, optic chias, optic tracts, visual cortex in the occipital lobe

Bones

Made of osseous tissue

Ligaments

Connects bone to bone

Cartilage

Forms external structures and caps bones where they meet a joint

Ossocus tissue

Composed of outer compact bone and inner spongy bone

Yellow bone marrow

Spongy bone in the central narrow cavity

Red bone marrow

Spongy bone marrow in proximal limb regions

Flat bones

Scapula, sternum, most cranial bones

Short bones

In wrist and ankle

Long bones

Most bones in the arms and legs important for locomotion

Irregular bones

Cannot be classified

Regions of articulation

Head, condole, and epicondyle

Elevations

Trochanter tuberosity) tubercle, and process

Holes

Foremen, meatus, fissures

Depression

Fossa

Osseous joints

Entirely immovable, formed when 2 bones grow together (fusion of sacral vertebrae; fusion of coxa)

Fibrous joints

Considered immovable (sacroiliac joint)

Cartilaginous joints

Have some flexibility (joints at interverbratal discs)

Synovial joints

Highly mobile

Plane joints

Between 2 flat surfaces

Saddle joints

Forward, backward, side to side

Pivot joints

Rotation around central axis

Candyloid joints

Movements around 2 planes around oblong axis

Hinge joints

Flexion and extension in one plane

Ball and socket joints

Move ment in all planes

Sphenoid

Between front, parietal, and temporal bone

Ethmoid

bone that forms the back of the nose and encloses numerous air cells