IPHY 2420 Nutrition chap 1

What is nutrition?

The study of food, including how it nourishes our body and influences our health.

When was the first vitamin discovered?

In 1910.

What vitamin deficiency is scurvy related to?

Vitamin C.

What are diseases related to nutrient deficiency or toxicity?

Diseases like scurvy, iron deficiency anemia, and rickets.

What are examples of diseases strongly related to nutrition?

Cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, stroke, overweight and obesity.

What are some diseases with some relation to nutrition?

Some cancers, osteoporosis, and depression.

What is obesity defined as in terms of BMI?

A body mass index (BMI) of 30 kg/m² or higher.

What are the six groups of essential nutrients?

Macronutrients, micronutrients, and water.

What are macronutrients?

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins that provide energy (calories).

What are micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals that do not provide energy (calories).

What does BMI measure?

An adult's weight in relation to height.

How is BMI calculated?

Using the adult's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters.

How do we measure energy in food?

In kilocalories (kcals).

What is the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree Celsius?

One kilocalorie.

Which macronutrients function as primary energy sources for the body?

Fats and carbohydrates.

What molecule does protein contain that carbohydrates and fats do not?

Nitrogen.

How many calories per gram do micronutrients have?

Zero.

What are the two types of vitamins?

Fat-soluble and water-soluble.

Which vitamins are fat-soluble?

A, D, E, K.

How are fat-soluble vitamins stored?

Stored in the body (fat tissues & liver).

What is the risk of fat-soluble vitamins?

Higher risk of toxicity.

Which vitamins are water-soluble?

B vitamins and Vitamin C.

How are water-soluble vitamins stored?

Not stored much in the body.

What happens to excess water-soluble vitamins?

Excreted in urine.

What is the toxicity risk for water-soluble vitamins?

Less likely.

What are the two types of minerals?

Major minerals and trace minerals.

What is the definition of major minerals?

Minerals needed in large amounts.

What is the daily requirement for major minerals?

>100 mg/day.

How much major minerals are stored in the body?

>5 g.

Give an example of a major mineral.

Calcium.

What is the definition of trace minerals?

Minerals needed in small amounts.

What is the daily requirement for trace minerals?

<100 mg/day.

How much trace minerals are stored in the body?

<5 g.

Give an example of a trace mineral.

Iron.

Which vitamin is most likely to be stored in the body?

Vitamin E.

Which vitamin is least likely to lead to toxic levels in the body when consumed in excess?

Vitamin C.

What is the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)?

A guideline for daily nutrient consumption.

What is the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR)?

Meets the needs of ½ of healthy people.

What is the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)?

Meets the needs of 97-98% of healthy people.

What is the Adequate Intake (AI)?

Amount assumed to be adequate.

What is the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)?

Highest intake level not likely to harm health.

What is the recommended sodium intake per day?

1500-2300 milligrams.

What is the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)?

Average dietary calorie intake to maintain energy balance.

What is the Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range (AMDR)?

Range of macronutrient intake associated with reduced chronic disease risk.

What is the carbohydrate AMDR?

45-65% of calories.

What is the fat AMDR?

20-35% of calories.

What is the protein AMDR?

10-35% of calories.

What factors determine someone's estimated energy requirement?

Activity level, weight, height, age.