Enriquez

Filipino Psychology

Virgilio Enriquez is known for —

Dr. Virgilio G. Enriquez

• Known as the father of Filipino Psychology

• pioneered the effective use of Indigenous Methods in Philippine Social Science Research

Pambansang Samahan sa Sikolohiyang Pilipino

— is a field that Virgilio Enriquez established

Indigenous

means local, native

indigenization from without

This is the translation of foreign concepts, methods, theories and measures into Filipino

indigenization from within

• this is the looking for the indigenous psychology from within the culture itself and not just clothing a foreign body of knowledge with a local dress

• It includes assessing historic-socio-cultural realities, local language, Filipino characteristics, and explaining them through the eyes of the native Filipino.

• This effort resulted into a body of knowledge that includes indigenous concepts and methods

Bahala na

• Withdrawal from engagement and shrinking from responsibility

• determination and risk-taking

Andres

• He explained Bahala na as a Fatalistic resignation

• Bahala na ang Diyos

• Withdrawal from engagement and shrinking from responsibility

Lagmay

described bahala na as determination and risk-taking

hiya

• shame

• as uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position

• sense of propriety

Sibley

— translated hiya as shame

lynch

— defined hiya as uncomfortable feeling that accompanies awareness of being in a socially unacceptable position, or performing a socially unacceptable action

Salazar

— defined hiya as sense of propriety

utang na loob

• debt of gratitude

• principle of reciprocity

• gratitude combined with solidarity

Kaut

— translated utang na loob as debt og gratitude

kaut/andres

— redefined utang na loob as principle of reciprocity incurred when an individual helps another

enriquez

— redefined utang na loob as gratitude combined with solidarity

ang hindi marunong lumingon sa pinanggalingan ay hindi makakarating sa paroroonan

Enriquez said that utang na loob it is encapsulated in the saying —

pakikisama

Lynch translated it as smooth interpersonal relations

Pakikipagkapwa

• Enriquez translated this as shared identity.

• He elaborated that it is not mere smooth interpersonal relationships that Filipinos are concerned with, but —, which means treating the other person as kapwa or fellow human being

indirect communication

Part of the Filipino’s socialization is being sensitive to non-verbal cues, having concerns for the feelings of others, and being truthful but not at the expense of hurting others’ feelings

pakikiramdam

• This is defined as shared inner perception.

• It is very useful in conducting interviews especially for Filipinos.

• It is done through reading and being sensitive to non-verbal cues.

kapwa

meaning 'togetherness', is the core construct of Filipino Psychology. It refers to community; not doing things alone

1. ibang tao

2. hindi ibang tao

kapwa has 2 categories:

1. pakikitungo

2. pakikisalamuha

3. pakikilahok

4. pakikibagay

5. pakikisama

Five domains of ibang tao

pakikitungo

civility

pakikisalamuha

act of mixing

pakikilahok

act of joining

pakikibagay

conformity

pakikisama

being united with the group

1. pakikipagpalagayang-loob

2. pakikisangkot

3. pakikipagkaisa

domain of hindi ibang tao

pakikipagpalagayang-loob

act of mutual trust

pakikisangkot

act of joining others

pakikipagkaisa

being one with others

pakiramdam

• Shared inner perceptions.

• Filipinos use —, or the inner perception of others' emotions, as a basic
  tool to guide his dealings with other people

kagandahang-loob

• Shared humanity.

• This refers to being able to help other people in dire need due to a perception of
  being together as a part of one Filipino humanity

1. hiya

2. utang na loob

3. pakikisama and pakikipagkapwa

accommodative surface values

hiya (2)

This is loosely translated as 'shame' by most Western psychologists. However,
— is actually 'sense of propriety'

utang na loob (2)

Norm of reciprocity. Filipinos are expected by their neighbors to return favors
whether these were asked for or not—-when it is needed or wanted

pakikisama and pakikipagkapwa

Smooth Interpersonal Relationship, or SIR, as coined by Lynch (1961 and 1973).
This attitude is primarily guided by conformity with the majority

1. bahala na

2. lakas ng loob

3. pakikibaka

confrontative surface values

bahala na

This attitude, loosely translated into English as 'fatalistic passiveness', actually
describes the Filipino way of life, in which, he is determined to do his best, hence
the term —- which actually came from the phrase —, meaning 'I will
do all my best, let God take care of the rest

lakas ng loob

This attitude is characterized by being courageous in the midst of problems and
uncertainties

pakikibaka

Literally in English, it means concurrent clashes. It refers to the ability of the
Filipino to undertake revolutions and uprisings against a common enemy.

1. karangalan

2. katarungan

3. kalayaan

societal values

karangalan

Loosely translated as HONOR or DIGNITY, this actually refers to what other people see in a person and how they use that information to make a stand or judge about his/her worth

puri

the external aspect of dignity. May refer to how other people judge a person of his/her worth.

dangal

the internal aspect of dignity. May refer to how a person judges his own worth

katarungan

Loosely translated to justice, this refers to equity in giving rewards to a person.

kalayaan

Freedom and mobility. Ironically, this may clash with the less important value of pakikisama or pakikibagay (conformity).