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AJP Taylor
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Ian Kershaw
Ideological fanaticism & hitler’s charisma built public support for expansion of nazism
Hitler had ideological drive, especially around lebensraum & racial conquest
Hitler ideological aims clear from start, war inevitable
“Far from creating a dependance of Hitler on the army, the oath marked the symbolic moment where the army chained itself to the Fuhrer”
economic instability was “catalyst“ for nazi rise to power
Overy
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Mitter
Japan’s actions in china led to escalating conflict w/ west
L. Young
Japan wanted new empire to rival western imperialism
Iriye
Japanese expansion rooted in economic vulnerability & isolation
S. Lee
Hitler’s attack on USSR strategic blunder that caused ultimate defeat
F. Fisher
Blamed germany’s expansionist ambitions for caused WWI & WWII
Appears to be that 40 percent of voters and party members were working class and some 60 percent of SA members were working class, leading to the typification of Nazism as a popular or peoples movement instead of a class movement
Ferguson
Britain’s entry into WWI avoidable & worsened war
British decline in WWII made them over-reliant on empire and alliances, especially US
Richard Evans
Hitler’s diplomacy mixed pragmatism w/ deep-rooted nazi ideology
ToV created “culture of defeat“ that fuelled extremist nationalismand paved the way for the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany.
Paul Bookbinder
Pride was in short supply during Weimar years
Alexander
Italy was knocked out of the Axis Alliance in 1943 which meant decreased resources available for military campaign
Goldsmith
Italy invaded Greece to show that it was at the level of the world great powers, and more so, equal to Hitler in Germany
F.S. Northedge
League had success in minor disputes but lacked power for major crises
Pederson
LoN failures b/c big powers unwilling to enforce rulings
Mazower
New states struggled b/c artificial borders & economic dependence
D.M. Smith
Mussolini foreign policy more about image than actual strength
R. Lamb
Mussolini made fatal miscalculation by joining Hitler, which led to italy’s ruin
Brustein
Economic factors were the main reason for working-class support of the nazis
J. Noakes
Nazis did best in rural areas and small towns
Won much of their support from their support from the most rooted and traditional section of the german population
Support tended to be the strongest among the younger population
B. Peterson
Class that tended to vote for the national socialists was the petty bourgeoisie, including artisans, shopkeeps, and peasants
Substantial support came from the higher social strata
Core groups of the ruling class were disinclined to join or vote for the nazis
S. Payne
attributes Mussolini’s emergence with his pragmatism and manipulation of post war instability and rise of fascism
Borchhardt
despite efforts of Young plan, German economy continued to suffer with rising unemployment numbers
Holtreich
indadequate investment from industrialists caused failure of German economy
Eberhard Kolb
ToV too lenient as Germany maintained status as great power
Anthony Wood
“Versailles was emotional rather than rational“
T.E. Lawrence
guerrilla tactics necessary response to Arab lack of resources in in WW1 Arab revolt
Frank Dikotter
By end of 1952, almost every teacher and student loyal to Mao’s state