Historiography

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28 Terms

1
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AJP Taylor

  • Hitler was an opportunist, not a planner, therefore WWII inevitable, no long term plan in foreign policy

  • WWI accidental & mismanaged diplomacy, not inevitable war as well

  • WWII shaped by appeasement & miscalculations, hitlers agency made war more inevitable

  • appeasement was a logical policy; Britain & France not ready for war

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Ian Kershaw

  • Ideological fanaticism & hitler’s charisma built public support for expansion of nazism

  • Hitler had ideological drive, especially around lebensraum & racial conquest

  • Hitler ideological aims clear from start, war inevitable 

  • “Far from creating a dependance of Hitler on the army, the oath marked the symbolic moment where the army chained itself to the Fuhrer”

  • economic instability was “catalyst“ for nazi rise to power

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Overy

  • Economic recovery & rearmament made war logical outcome for hitler

  • Appeasement showed Hitler that the allies wouldn't resist his expansionism 

  • Axis powers had tactical errors

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Mitter

Japan’s actions in china led to escalating conflict w/ west

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L. Young

Japan wanted new empire to rival western imperialism

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Iriye

Japanese expansion rooted in economic vulnerability & isolation

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S. Lee

Hitler’s attack on USSR strategic blunder that caused ultimate defeat

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F. Fisher

  • Blamed germany’s expansionist ambitions for caused WWI & WWII

  • Appears to be that 40 percent of voters and party members were working class and some 60 percent of SA members were working class, leading to the typification of Nazism as a popular or peoples movement instead of a class movement

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Ferguson

  • Britain’s entry into WWI avoidable & worsened war

  • British decline in WWII made them over-reliant on empire and alliances, especially US

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Richard Evans

  • Hitler’s diplomacy mixed pragmatism w/ deep-rooted nazi ideology

  • ToV created “culture of defeat“ that fuelled extremist nationalismand paved the way for the rise of Hitler and the Nazi Party in Germany.

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Paul Bookbinder

Pride was in short supply during Weimar years

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Alexander

Italy was knocked out of the Axis Alliance in 1943 which meant decreased resources available for military campaign

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Goldsmith

Italy invaded Greece to show that it was at the level of the world great powers, and more so, equal to Hitler in Germany

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F.S. Northedge

League had success in minor disputes but lacked power for major crises

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Pederson

LoN failures b/c big powers unwilling to enforce rulings

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Mazower

New states struggled b/c artificial borders & economic dependence

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D.M. Smith

Mussolini foreign policy more about image than actual strength

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R. Lamb

Mussolini made fatal miscalculation by joining Hitler, which led to italy’s ruin

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Brustein

Economic factors were the main reason for working-class support of the nazis

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J. Noakes

  • Nazis did best in rural areas and small towns 

  • Won much of their support from their support from the most rooted and traditional section of the german population

  • Support tended to be the strongest among the younger population

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B. Peterson

  • Class that tended to vote for the national socialists was the petty bourgeoisie, including artisans, shopkeeps, and peasants 

  • Substantial support came from the higher social strata 

  • Core groups of the ruling class were disinclined to join or vote for the nazis

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S. Payne

  • attributes Mussolini’s emergence with his pragmatism and manipulation of post war instability and rise of fascism

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Borchhardt

despite efforts of Young plan, German economy continued to suffer with rising unemployment numbers

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Holtreich

indadequate investment from industrialists caused failure of German economy

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Eberhard Kolb

ToV too lenient as Germany maintained status as great power

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Anthony Wood

“Versailles was emotional rather than rational“

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T.E. Lawrence

  • guerrilla tactics necessary response to Arab lack of resources in in WW1 Arab revolt

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Frank Dikotter

By end of 1952, almost every teacher and student loyal to Mao’s state