Common Organic Functional Groups Found in Biochemistry

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Last updated 7:37 PM on 9/21/26
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17 Terms

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Functional groups

Functional groups are fragments of a molecule, such as a hydroxyl or carbonyl group.

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Oxygen-containing groups

  • Hydroxyl

  • Carbonyl (aldehydes and ketones)

  • Carboxyl

  • Ester


<ul><li><p>Hydroxyl</p></li><li><p>Carbonyl (aldehydes and ketones)</p></li><li><p>Carboxyl</p></li><li><p>Ester</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Hydroxyl

Hydroxyl groups are common to all classes of biological molecules. They participate in numerous reactions including esterifications, dehydrations, and oxidations.

<p>Hydroxyl groups are common to all classes of biological molecules. They participate in numerous reactions including esterifications, dehydrations, and oxidations.</p>
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Carbonyl

Carboxyl groups are weak acids. They are common functional groups and participate in the formation of several other groups, including esters and amides.

<p>Carboxyl groups are weak acids. They are common functional groups and participate in the formation of several other groups, including esters and amides.</p>
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Ester

Esters are the result of a hydroxyl and carboxylic acid reacting with one another. Esters are commonly found in many lipids

<p>Esters are the result of a hydroxyl and carboxylic acid reacting with one another. Esters are commonly found in many lipids</p>
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Sulfur analogs

  • Thiol

  • Disulfide

  • Thioester


<ul><li><p>Thiol</p></li><li><p>Disulfide</p></li><li><p>Thioester</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Thiol

Thiol groups can be thought of as hydroxyl analogs. They are found in the amino acid cysteine.

<p>Thiol groups can be thought of as hydroxyl analogs. They are found in the amino acid cysteine.</p>
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Disulfide

Disulfides result from the reaction of two thiol groups together. Disulfide reducing agents cleave the disulfide and restore the two thiols.

<p>Disulfides result from the reaction of two thiol groups together. Disulfide reducing agents cleave the disulfide and restore the two thiols.</p>
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Thioester

Thioesters have a large negative free energy of hydroylsis.

<p>Thioesters have a large negative free energy of hydroylsis.</p>
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Nitrogen analogs

  • Amino

  • Amide


<ul><li><p>Amino</p></li><li><p>Amide</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Amino

Amino groups are common to all classes of biological molecules. The lone pair of electrons on the amino group can acquire a proton resulting in a positively charged amino group.

<p>Amino groups are common to all classes of biological molecules. The lone pair of electrons on the amino group can acquire a proton resulting in a positively charged amino group.</p>
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Amide

Amides are formed through the reaction of an amine and a carboxylic acid. Peptides are the amide linkages found in proteins, but other amide bonds are found throughout biochemistry

<p>Amides are formed through the reaction of an amine and a carboxylic acid. Peptides are the amide linkages found in proteins, but other amide bonds are found throughout biochemistry</p>
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Phosphorous-containing groups

  • Phosphates

  • Phosphoesters

  • Phosphanhydrides


<ul><li><p>Phosphates</p></li><li><p>Phosphoesters</p></li><li><p>Phosphanhydrides</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Phosphates

Phosphate, also known as inorganic phosphate, Pi, is commonly found in all biological systems.

<p>Phosphate, also known as inorganic phosphate, Pi, is commonly found in all biological systems.</p>
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Phosphoesters

Phosphoesters are the result of the addition of a phosphate group to a hydroxyl group.

<p>Phosphoesters are the result of the addition of a phosphate group to a hydroxyl group.</p>
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Phosphanhydrides

Phosphanhydrides are commonly found in nucleoside triphosphates like ATP and have a large negative free energy of hydrolysis.

<p>Phosphanhydrides are commonly found in nucleoside triphosphates like ATP and have a large negative free energy of hydrolysis.</p>
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Enol

Enols are tautomers of carbonyl groups. In biochemistry they are often trapped as phosphoenolates.

<p>Enols are tautomers of carbonyl groups. In biochemistry they are often trapped as phosphoenolates.</p>