Learning Theory (Behaviorism)

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45 Terms

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Learning

A relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience.

3 Types : Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, Observational Learning

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Habituation

An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it.

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Associative Learning

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

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Classical Conditioning

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

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Behaviorism

The view that psychology 1. should be an objective science that 2. studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2.

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Unconditioned Response (UR)

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus(US, such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

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Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- naturally and automatically- triggers a response.

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Conditioned Response (CR)

In classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus. (CS)

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Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

In classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.

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Acquisition

In classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

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Higher-Order Conditioning

A procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioned experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For Example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning)

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Extinction

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.

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Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.

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Generalization

The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses.

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Discrimination

In classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus.

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Learned Helplessness

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

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Respondent Behavior

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

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Operant Conditioning

A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished by a punisher.

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Operant Behavior

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences.

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Law of Effect

Thorndike's principles that behaviors followed by a favorable consequences become more likely, and that principles followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely.

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Operant Chamber

In operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner Box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.

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Shaping

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

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Discriminative Stimulus

In operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement. (In contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

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Reinforcer

In operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows.

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Positive Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is ant stimuli that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.

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Negative Reinforcement

Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Negative reinforcement is not punishment)

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Primary Reinforcer

An innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.

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Conditioned Reinforcer

A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer.

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Continuous Reinforcement

Reinforcing the desired response every time is occurs.

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Partial (intermittent) reinforcement

Reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.

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Fixed-ratio Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses.

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Variable-ratio Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses.

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Fixed-Interval Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed.

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Variable-interval Schedule

In operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals.

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Punishment

An event that decreases the behavior that it follows.

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Cognitive Map

A mental representation of the layout of one's environment. Example- After exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.

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Latent Learning

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it.

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Insight

A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem.

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Intrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

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Extrinsic Motivation

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment.

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Biofeedback

A system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension.

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Observational Learning

Learning by observing others. Also called social learning.

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Modeling

The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior.

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Mirror Neurons

Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. the brain mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy.

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Prosocial Behavior

Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.