Chapter 10 kidney

albuminuria

albumin in the urine

anuria

absence of urine

cystectomy

excision of the bladder

cystic

pertaining to the bladder, a cyst, or the gallbladder

cystitis

inflammation of the bladder

cystocele

bladder hernia that protrudes into the vagina

cystolithiasis

the presence of a stone or stones in the urinary bladder

cystoscope

instrument used for visual examination of the bladder

cystoscopy

visual examination of the urinary bladder

cystostomy

creation of an artificial opening into the bladder

diabetes mellitus

- an endocrine disorder characterized by glycosuria and hyperglycemia

- due to inadequate production or use of insulin

diuresis/polyuria

excessive urination

diuretic

agent that increases urine output

dysuria

painful or difficult urination

erythropoietin

a hormone secreted by the kidneys that's responsible for the production of RBCs

excretion

the process by which the body eliminates waste

extracorporeal

outside the body

frequency (when referring to urination)

greater number of urinations than expected in a given time

glomerular filtration

- first step of urine formation

- filtering of the blood

glomerulonephritis

inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney

glomerulus

- filtering structure of the kidney

- cluster of blood vessels surrounded by the Bowman's capsule

glycosuria

glucose in the urine

hematuria

blood in the urine

hemodialysis

the process of diffusing blood through a membrane to remove waste (since kidneys don't work)

hesitancy (when referring to urination)

difficulty in beginning the urinary flow

immunosuppressive

having the property of interfering with the body's immune response

intravenous urography/pyelography (IVP)

radiographic examination of urinary structures via a constrast medium injected intravenously

urogram/pyelogram

radiographic image of the urinary tract

ketonuria

ketones in the urine

laparoscopic nephrectomy

removal of the kidney through several small incisions in the abdominal wall

lithotripsy

using a high-energy shock wave or laser to break a stone into fragments

lithotrite

instrument for crushing a bladder stone

nephrectomy

surgical removal of a kidney

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney

nephrolith/renal calculi

kidney stone

nephrolithiasis

the presence of stones in the kidney

nephrolithotomy

incision into a kidney to remove a stone

nephromalacia

softening of the kidney

nephromegaly

enlargement of the kidney

nephron

functional unit of the kidney

nephropexy

surgical fixation of the kidney

nephroptosis

prolapse of the kidney (kidney droops)

nephroscope

instrument used for visual examination of the kidney

nephroscopy

visual examination of the kidney

nephrosis

abnormal condition of the kidney, but no inflammation

nephrosonography

ultrasonic scanning of the kidneys

nephrotoxic

destructive to kidney tissue

nephrostomy/pyelostomy

creation of a new opening into the renal pelvis of the kidney

nephrotomogram

sectional radiographic image of the kidney

nephrotomography

sectional radiographic examination of the kidneys using contrast dyes

nephrotomy

incision into the kidney

nocturia

excessive urination at night

oliguria

low urine output

percutaneous bladder biopsy

removal of tissue from the bladder by inserting a needle through the skin overlying the bladder

percutaneous nephrostomy

- a method of urinary diversion

- a tube is inserted on a temporary basis into the renal pelvis

percutaneous renal biopsy

removal of tissue from the kidney using a needle inserted through the skin overlying the kidney

peritoneal dialysis

dialysis in which the lining of the peritoneal cavity acts as the filter to remove waste from the blood

polycystic kidney disease

a hereditary renal disorder characterized by enlarged kidneys containing many cysts

polyp

tumor found on a mucosal surface

prostate

a gland surrounding the neck of the bladder in males

proteinuria

protein in the urine

pyelitis

inflammation of the renal pelvis

pyelolithotomy

incision of the renal pelvis to remove a stone

pyuria

pus in the urine

renal

pertaining to the kidney

renal angiography/renal arteriography

radiographic study to assess the arterial blood supply to the kidneys (using contrast)

renal arteriogram

x-ray image/record of the renal arteries

renal cell carcinoma

kidney cancer

renal failure

failure of the kidney to perform its essential functions

renal insufficiency

reduced ability of the kidney to perform its functions

retrograde urography

x-ray examination of the renal pelvis and ureter after injection of a contrast medium

stenosis

narrowing

suprapubic catheter

- a method of urinary diversion

- catheter inserted into the bladder through a small abdominal incision above the pubic area

transurethral resection (TUR)

small pieces of tissue from a nearby structure are removed through the wall of the urethra

tubular reabsorption

selective reabsorption of some substances into the blood vessels

tubular secretion

secretion of some substances from the bloodstream back into the urine

tubule

a tubular section of the nephron

urea

major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine

uremia

presence of urea (and other wastes) in the blood

ureter

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

ureteral

pertaining to the ureter

ureteral catheterization

- a method of urinary diversion

- catheters are passed into the distal ends of the ureters from the bladder and threaded up the ureters into the renal pelves

ureteroplasty

surgical repair of a ureter

urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

urethral

pertaining to the urethra

urethral catheterization

- most common method for urinary diversion

- peformed by inserting a tube along the urethra and into the bladder

urethroscopy

visual examination of the urethra

urgency (in realation to urination)

a sudden onset of the need to urinate immediately

urinalysis (UA)

the examination of urine to determine the presence of abnormal elements

urinary

pertaining to urine or the formation of urine

urinary incontinence

inability to hold urine in the bladder

urinary retention

inability to empty the bladder

urinary tract infection (UTI)

an infection of the urinary tract

urination

the normal process of excreting urine

urolithiasis

presence of stones in the urinary tract

urologist

specialist who studies the urinary tract of both genders and the male genital tract

urology

branch of medicine concered with the male genital tract and the urinary tract of both genders

voiding cystourethrogram

radiographic record/image of the bladder and urethra