Logic and Critical thinking exam 1

Cognitive pitfall

Common mistakes people make when forming beliefs and making decisions because of how our brains naturally think and process information

logic

the organized body of knowledge, science, that evaluates arguments

statement

a sentence that is either true or false

argument

An argument is a group of statements where one statement (the conclusion) is supported by one or more other statements (the premises

premises

the statement that provide reasons or evidence

conclusion

The conclusion is the statement that follows from the premises. (what argument or premises are trying to convince you of)

conclusion indicators

Therefore, thus, accordingly

premise indicators

Since, because, as indicated by

deductive

argument that rest on necessary reasoning

inductive

argument that rest probabilistic reasoning

vaild desuctive argument

an argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion

invalid deductive argument

a deductive argument in which it is possible for the conclusion

validity

A valid deductive argument where the conclusion must be true if the premises are true.

sound argument

a sound argument is a deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises

cogent argument

inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises (cogent= strong argument + all true premises)

lexical ambiguity

when ambiguity occurs at the level of individual words, it’s called (two words that are spelled the same and pronounced the same but have a different meaning)

Syntactic ambiguity

“one morning i shot an elephant in my pajamas. how he got in my pajamas, I don’t know” (if you look at the first part he could either be causing he was in his pj’s or the elephant was in his pj’s

simple statement

will be represented by capital letters in our language

a compound statement

contains at least one statement and operator

tilde (~) (negation)

will translate “not”

The dot (•)

translate to and connect to statements to “and”

Disjunction wedge (v)

translates or, unless, either (way of saying one of the 2 statements are true

Conditional the horseshoe (⊃)

used to translate conditional statements… if then

antecedent

the component statement immediately following “if”

consequent

the component statement following “then”

Sufficient condition

a is said to be a sufficient condition

Necessary Condition

on the other hand, B is said to be necessary condition for A whenever A cannon or occur without the occurrence of B

equivalence/ conditions (triple bar)

this expresses “if and only if”

lower case letters

will function as statement variables in that lower case stand for any statement, weather simple or complex