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The ladder approach
talk, throw, reach, wade, row, swim, tow, carry
ABC's
airway, breathing, circulation
Start CPR if...
unconscious non breathing
Mild airway obstruction symptoms
coughing
Mild airway obstruction treatment
encourage them to continue coughing
Severe airway obstruction symptoms
stopped coughing, stopped making noises, clutches neck
Severe airway obstruction treatment
CONTACT EMS, start abdominal thrusts and back blows
Compression to breaths
30:2
Shock is...
a depression of the body's circulatory system
Signs and symptoms of shock
fear, anxiety, rapid pulse, rapid breathing, clammy skin
Treatment for shock
Warmth
ABC's
Rest and reassure
Treatment
Semi prone
Anaphylaxis is...
and allergic reaction
Signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis
difficulty breathing, wheezing, rashes
Treatment for anaphylaxis
CONTACT EMS, help give medication, treat for shock
Asthma is...
a breathing disorder in which the airway's sensitivity is increased
Signs and symptoms of asthma
difficulty breathing, anxiety, wheezing
Treatment for asthma
Help give medication, pursed lip breathing, treat for shock
Hyperventilation is...
breathing faster or deeper than necessary
Signs and symptoms of hyperventilation
panting, headache, confusion, fast breathing
Treatment for hyperventilation
PURSED LIP BREATHING, treat for shock
Respiratory distress is...
a medical condition that can cause you to have trouble breathing
Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress
difficulty breathing, anxiety, cyanosis, shock
Treatment for respiratory distress
pursed lip breathing, treat for shock
Angina is...
a medical disorder caused by poor blood circulation to the heart
Signs and symptoms of angina
tightness in the chest of left shoulder, trouble breathing, sweating, anxiety, shock
Treatment for angina
Contact EMS if angina does not improve, help give medication, treat for shock
A heart attack is...
when the circulation of blood to the heart is severely affected
Signs and symptoms of a heart attack
pain in the chest or left shoulder, trouble breathing, rapid pulse, DENIAL OF SYMPTOMS, confusion, nauseam shock
Treatment for a heart attack
CONTACT EMS, help give medication (Aspirin), treat for shock
Cardiac arrest is...
when the heart stops beating
Signs and symptoms of cardiac arrest
unconsciousness, not breathing, gradual onset or sudden onset, shock
Treatment for cardiac
CONTACT EMS, start CPR immediately, treat for shock
A stroke is...
when the brain doesn't have enough supply of blood
Signs and symptoms of a stroke
head pain, lack of one side, trouble speaking or understanding, unequal pupils, facial problems, shock
Treatment for a stroke
CONTACT EMS, semi prone on side they can feel, treat for shock
External bleeding is...
an injury to tissue that causes bleeding
Signs and symptoms of external bleeding
blood, pain, anxiety, shock
Treatment for external bleeding
Apply bandaging and apply pressure to wound, treat for shock, contact EMS if there is a lot of blood loss
Internal bleeding is...
a trauma causing bleeding into the abdominal tissues
Signs and symptoms for internal bleeding
muscle spasms, rigid abdominal, pain, difficulty breathing, decreased level of consciousness, anxiety, shock
Treatment for internal bleeding
CONTACT EMS, treat for shock, no food or drinks
Nosebleeds are...
a trauma to the nose or they can start spontaneously
Signs and symptoms of nosebleeds
blood from the nose, pain, anxiety, shock
Treatment for nosebleeds
pinch under the bridge of the nose and lean forward, apply ice to forehead and back of neck, treat for shock, contact EMS if it lasts more than 20 minutes
Head injuries are...
when a force comes in contact with the head
Signs and symptoms of head injuries
head pain, bleeding, swelling, nausea, vomiting, unequal or dilated pupils, blood or clear fluids
Treatment for head injuries
Immobilize head and neck, contact EMS, treat for shock
Spinal injuries are...
trauma to the spinal column
Signs and symptoms of spinal injuries
pain at the site of the trauma, loss of sensation or movement, weakness, bruising, shock
Treatment for spinal injuries
CONTACT EMS, use rollover if face down, immobilize head and body, put rolled towels or something soft, treat for shock
Injuries from embedded objects are...
when an object gets "stuck" in a wound
Signs and symptoms of embedded objects
object in wound, bleeding, swelling, shock
Treatment for injuries from embedded objects
CONTACT EMS, leave object, donut bandage and more bandaging, treat for shock
Eye injuries are...
an injury in the eyes
Treatment for eye injuries
rinse eyes, remove chemicals, treat for shock, contact EMS if an object is in the eye or vision is affected, treat for shock
Signs and symptoms of eye injuries
pain in or around eyes, swelling, redness, bleeding, burning, anxiety, shock
First degree burns are...
burns in which damages the surface of the skin, mostly sunburns
Signs and symptoms of first degree burns
redness, mild swelling, anxiety, pain, shock, like sunburn
Treatment for first degree burns
flush the burned area with cool clean water, treat for shock, contact EMS if it's on the face, neck or a small child
Second degree burns are...
burns in which affect the upper layers of skin
Signs and symptoms of second degree burns
blisters, redness, pain, swelling, anxiety, shock, first degree burns around
Treatment for second degree burns
flush with cool clean water, apply a bandage, separate fingers, treat for shock, contact EMS if it's on the face, neck or a small child
Third degree burns are...
burns in which affect all layers of tissue
Signs and symptoms of third degree burns
pain, red black and grey tissue, anxiety, shock, first and second degree burns around
Treatment for third degree burns
CONTACT EMS, flush with cool clean water, apply bandage, separate fingers or toes, treat for shock
Diabetic emergencies are...
when there's not enough sugar in the bloodstream or too much
Signs and symptoms of diabetic emergencies
pale cold clammy skin, cyanosis, bracelet necklace identifying diabetic condition
Treatment for diabetic emergencies
Give them something sugary, treat for shock, contact EMS if it doesn't get better
Seizures are...
an abnormal electrical activity in the brain
Signs and symptoms of seizures
loss of consciousness, relaxation in body, cyanosis, rigidity of body
Treatment for seizures
CONTACT EMS, clear land from objects that could prevent from getting further injuries,
Poisoning is...
ingesting, injecting, inhaling, or absorbing poisons
Signs and symptoms of poisoning
pain of cramps, cyanosis, difficulty breathing, vomiting, rash, changes in behaviour
Treatment for poisoning
CONTACT EMS AND POISON CONTROL, treat for shock
Heat cramps are...
caused by dehydration
Signs and symptoms of heat cramps
pain and spasms in muscles, sweating, fatigue, nausea, shock
Treatment for heat cramps
remove from hot environment, give them something cool to drink or a sport drink, stretch the cramp, treat for shock
Heat exhaustion is...
when a person is exposed to high temperatures for a long time
Signs and symptoms of heat exhaustion
nausea, headache, sweating weak, rapid breathing
Treatment for heat exhaustion
Remove from hot environment, give them something cool to drink or a sport drink, treat for shock contact EMS if the level of consciousness is decreased
Heatstroke is...
a rare but a serious condition in which the body's cooling mechanism stops working
Signs and symptoms of heatstroke
fever, stopped sweating, decreased level of consciousness, pounding pulse, seizures
Treatment for heatstroke
CONTACT EMS, remove from hot environment, remove outer layers of clothing, cool down with wet towels, treat for shock
Frostbite is...
freezing in external tissues
Signs and symptoms of frostbite
pain, altered sensation, white area on skin
Treatment for frostbite
Remove victim from cold, warm up body parts
Hypothermia is...
dropping of the body's core temperature
Signs and symptoms of hypothermia
feeling cold, fatigue, shock
Treatment for hypothermia
CONTACT EMS, remove from cold, warm up body, treat for shock
Closed fractures are...
breaks in a bone
Signs and symptoms of closed fractures
pain, swelling, discoloration, difficulty moving
Treatment for closed fractures
Rest
Immobilize
Cold
Elevate
Contact EMS, treat for shock
Open fractures are...
displaced fractures in which a bone breaks through the skin
Signs and symptoms of open fractures
pain, swelling, bone through skin, bleeding, difficulty moving that part
Treatment for open fractures
CONTACT EMS, donut bandage on bone and bandaging around, treat for shock
Primary assessment
Area, alertness, ABC's, EMS
Secondary assessment
Sample, vital signs, head to toe, shock
Open airway
head tilt, chin lift
Rescue breaths in water...
1 breath every 5 seconds
Note 
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