________ tend to gain, lose, or share electrons until they are surrounded by eight valence electrons.
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electrons
The ________ are shared unequally- the bond is polar.
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Polarity
________ affects several macroscopic properties in the lab and in life.
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electrical charges of equal
Whenever two ________ magnitude but opposite signs are separated by a distance, a dipole is established.
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Molecules
________ and ions with more than an octet of electrons around the central atom are often called hypervalent.
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nonmetal gains
When a(n) ________ an electron, the process is generally exothermic, as seen from the negative electron affinities of the elements.
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Resonance
________ is an important concept in describing the bonding in organic molecules, particularly aromatic organic molecules, a category that includes the hydrocarbon benzene.
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Benzene
________ is commonly represented by omitting the hydrogen atoms and showing only the carbon- carbon framework with the vertices unlabeled.
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American chemist Linus Pauling
The ________ (1901- 1994) developed the first and most widely used electronegativity scale, which is based on thermochemical data.
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Electronegativity
________ is defined as the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself.
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Lewis structures
________ can help us understand the bonding in many compounds and are frequently used when discussing the properties of molecules.
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low melting
Covalent bonding causes compounds to behave like molecules, with ________ and boiling temperatures and nonelectrolyte behavior in water.
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number of valence
For nonmetals, the ________ electrons in a neutral atom is the same as the group number.
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chemical bond
A(n) ________ formed by sharing a pair of electrons is a covalent bond.
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Polar molecules
________ attract positive and negative ions.
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polar covalent bond
In a(n) ________, one of the atoms exerts a greater attraction for the bonding electrons than the other.
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Ionic bonding
________ produces brittle, high- melting solids with extended lattice structures that behave strongly as electrolytes in water.
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nitrogen atom
Because each ________ has five valence electrons, three electron pairs must be shared to achieve the octet configuration.
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two electrons
The dots are placed on the four sides of the symbol- top, bottom, left, and right- and each side can accommodate up to ________.
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Nitrogen
________ is a diatomic gas with exceptionally low reactivity that results from the very stable nitrogen- nitrogen bond.
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formation of sodium
The ________ chloride from sodium and chlorine is very exothermic.
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Lewis structures
There are ________ where you might have to choose between satisfying the octet rule and obtaining the most favorable formal charges by using more than an octet of electrons.
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Polar molecules
________ attract each other at their negative and positive ends.
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Lewis structure
A(n) ________ in which any negative charges reside on the more electronegative atoms is generally more dominant than one that has negative charges on the less electronegative atoms.
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