sobbing violently

consciousness

a state of awareness, both inner and outer

what are the 4 rules of consciousness

our attention is selective, some thinking is automatic, we are aware of things we are not immediately conscious of, our consciousness can be altered

priming

when things learned in the past unknowingly affect what you are currently doing

what is sleep?

sleep is a behavior

on average, how long is a circadian rhythm

1 day

on average, how long is our sleep phase

8hr in a 24 hr day

describe stage one of sleep

the transition from awake to sleep, you may experience hypnogogic hallucinations

polysomnogram

an eeg that measures eye movements

describe stage 2 of sleep

the body isn't aware that it's asleep, lessening of sensory information

describe slow wave sleep

the brain stops sending sensory information

what happens during rem sleep?

the brain seems completely awake, increase heartbeat, rapid eye movement, awake and alert when woken

muscle atonia

postural muscles are paralyzed

evolutionary theory of sleep

sleep is like hibernation and keeps us out of dangere

restoration theory

sleep allows the brain to repair itself

information processing theory

sleep is critical for memory formation

activation synthesis theory

sleep allows for the merging of random neural activity, mainly used for dreaming

dyssomnias

disorders of sleep that involve the inability to fall or remain asleep

insomnia

the inability to get enough sleep, characterized by hyper arousal during the day

how do you get diagnosed with insomnia?

you need to go 3 straight weeks of no normal sleep

what is the best treatment for insomnia

cbt, specifically in sleep hygiene

obstructive sleep apnea

the inability to breath during sleep, typically unaware of symptoms

what is a c-pap machine

breathing machine used to treat sleep apnea, very invasive

narcolepsy

unexpected periods of sleep that occur during wakefulness

what is used to treat narcolepsy

xyrem— although very rare due to strict requirements and that it is commonly used as a date rape drug

subliminal messaging

a message passed to the human mind without being consciously aware of it

parasomnias

unwanted behaviors occurring during sleep, often due to partial awakening

rem behavior disorder

muscles don't relax during sleep

sleep walking

slowly builds up in activity, can be dangerous

night terrors

when an individual wakes up in a panic with no idea why

hypnosis

attention-focusing behaviors which can alter a person's behavior via suggestion, doesn't work

what are the stages of hypnosis

induction → suggestion

hypnotic susceptibility

how responsive an individual is to hypnosis

psychoactive drugs

chemically alter consciousness

what happens with repeated psychoactive drug use

may result in physical or psychological dependence

what are the 4 classes of drugs

depressants, stimulants, hallucinogens, opiates

depressants

slow the normal functions of the cns

examples of depressants

tranquilizers (benzodiazepines— xanax) and alcohol

stimulants

increase the activity of the cns

examples of stimulants

legal: caffeine and nicotine, illegal: cocaine and amphetamines

hallucinogens

produce dramatic changes in mood and perception, always schedule 1 drugs

examples of hallucinogens

marijuana, lcd, pcp

opiates

most are legal for pain relief— with some illegal use

examples of opiates

heroin and oxycodone

mixed action drug

ecstasy, high doses can be fatal

meditation

its effects on consciousness are debated

Fixed Action Patterns

Behaviors that are essential to survival.

Learning

A permanent change in behavior resulting from practice and experience.

Habituation

A decline in responding to a familiar stimulus.

Sensitization

An increased responding to stimuli that are new.

Classical conditioning

Automatic behaviors.

Associative learning

The result of two things that occur close together in time.

Neutral stimulus (NS)

A stimulus that at first causes no response.

Unconditioned response (UR)

An unlearned response to an unconditioned stimulus (US).

Unconditioned stimulus (US)

A stimulus that triggers an unconditioned response (UR).

Conditioned stimulus (CS)

A neutral stimulus that comes to evoke a classically conditioned response (CR).

Conditioned response (CR)

A learned response to a conditioned stimulus (CS).

Law of continuity

Nothing passes from one state to another without passing through all intermediate states.

Extinction

The gradual weakening of a conditioned response.

Spontaneous recovery

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a rest period.

Biological preparedness

we are more likely to form associations between certain stimuli and responses

Operant conditioning

Voluntary behavior.

Law of effect

Responses that are rewarded are more likely to recur.

Shaping

Reinforcing behaviors that slowly evolve into the wanted behavior.

Instinctual drift

Tendency of trained animals to revert back to instinctual behaviors.

Behavioral modification

Used to change a behavior by setting goals, recording progress, and reinforcing small steps.

Continuous reinforcement

Every correct response is reinforced.

Partial reinforcement

Reinforcement occurs some of the time a correct response occurs.

Fixed ratio schedule

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses.

Variable ratio schedule

On average, every nth response is reinforced.

Fixed interval schedule

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed time.

Variable interval schedule

On average, a response is rewarded every e.g. 30 seconds.

punishment

leads to a decrease in behavior and is followed by a negative consequence

positive punishment

something negative is added

negative punishment

something desirable is taken away

cognitive learning

the acquisition of new knowledge or skills through mental processes

not associative learning

the individual must realize that a behavior and a response are connected

latent learning

occurs without any obvious reinforcement

observational learning

acquiring new behaviors by watching someone else do them

coma

unable to respond to the external world, person heavily relies on machinery to be kept alive

vegetative state

unable to interact with the environment, self-sustaining

minimally conscious state

intermittent signs of arousal

reward circut

dopamine (released in the nucleus accumbens) is used reinforce innate and learned rewards

Memory

The brain's ability to analyze, use, store, and retrieve information.

Information-processing model

Information must pass through discrete stages via the process of encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Encoding

The initial experience of perceiving and learning information.

Retrieval

Pulling stored memory back into conscious awareness.

Retrieval cues

Things that trigger a memory.

Serial-position effect

The tendency to remember things we learn first or last.

Primary effect

The tendency to remember the first piece of information encountered.

Recency effect

The tendency to remember the last piece of information encountered.

Context dependent memory

It's easier to retrieve a memory when in the same situation.

State dependent memory

It's easier to retrieve a memory when in the same state of mind as when you experienced it.

Maintenance rehearsal

Repetition.

Depth of processing model

Assumes that things that are similar are stored closer together and will be remembered together.

Information-processing approach

Three types of memory.

Sensory memory

Unaware of.

Iconic

Sight.

Echoic

Sound.

Short-term memory

Less than half a minute.

Chunking

Remembering in chunks rather than the whole.