APP 007 3rdAT Reviewer

1. Find an interesting topic

Brainstorm- use, mind maps and lists

2. Think particular question

- The most important thing in research is to have a very specific question that you want to ask.

3. Search the literature

-This is important because it will give you an idea of what other people have researched on your topic and will give you ideas about to answer your own question

3. Search the literature

- It may enable you to form a hypothesis.

4.Test the research question

- There are number of methods you could use:

Laboratory experiments
Observational exercises
Questionnaires

5. How will you measure your results?

- It is important to know how you will measure your results

5. How will you measure your results?

-Will measure them:
Using numbers (quantitative)
Using people's opinions (qualitative)
- What will your outcome measures' be?

6. Plan a feasible study?

-What time constraints do I have?

6. Plan a feasible study?

-What equipment will I need?

7. Follow ethical standards

- Will my research contribute something useful to society

7. Follow ethical standards

-Does my research involve any risk to myself or anyone else?

7. Follow ethical standards

- Is my research dangerous?

8. Write Research protocol

- It is important to write down exactly what you are planning to do and how you are planning to do it.

8. Write Research protocol

- This is so that somebody else would be able to repeat your experiment, and also so that you remember what you are supposed to be doing

Primary Sources

original materials, collected specially for the purpose in mind.

Primary Sources

Usually the first formal appearance of results in physical, print or electronic format.

Primary Sources

They present original thinking, report a discovery or share new information.

Primary Sources

These data have not been published yet and is more reliable, authentic and objective.

Primary Sources

It has not been changed or alter by human beings, therefor its validity is greater than secondary data

Primary Sources

They are from the time period and have not been filtered through interpretation or evaluation.

Secondary sources

data that has been already collected, more quickly and avail than primary data

Secondary sources

Not evidence, just a commentary on them

Secondary sources

Generally, they are accounts written after the fact with the benefit of hindsight. They are interpretations and evaluations of primary sources.

Tertiary Sources

indexes, dictionaries, guides and bibliographies/references.

Tertiary Sources

Distillation of primary and secondary

Non-Documentary Sources

unpublished forms of communication and information, which can be interviews, conversations with professionals, students and other experts in the files

Online searching

it is the info on internet through search engines

Conceptual Framework

A basic structure that serves a mental window of the researcher because it illustrates the research design and the relationships of the variables involved.

It is a written or visual presentation that explains either geographically or in narrative form, the main things to be studied.

Theoretical Framework

These are statements about mechanism underlying a particular behavior.

Theoretical Framework

- Theories help organize and verify different observations related to the behaviors and good theories will generate predictions about the behavior.

Theoretical Framework

- If there is a relationship between two or more variables, then a theory should be formulated to explain why the relationship exist.

HYPOTHESIS

It is a tentative answer to a research problem

HYPOTHESIS

-It is a prediction of an expected outcome in terms of significant effect, difference or relationship

HYPOTHESIS

-It provides the basis for the testing of the statistical significance of the findings of the study

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

It states the absence of relationship, effect or difference between dependent and independent variables. The researcher tries to disprove nullify. It always stated in a negative form.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

It always predicts that there will be a relationship, effect or difference between the variables being studies. The researchers try to prove. It is an affirmation of the existence of observed phenomena.

1. Express your hypotheses in a declarative sentence.

2. Support your hypotheses with ideas based on theories, known facts, previous studies, or your own experience and wisdom.

3. Establish a logical relationship between the hypothesis and the research problem.

4. Have your hypothesis predict the nature of relationship between or among variables.

5. Determine the possibility of having some means of testing, analyzing, and investigating your hypotheses.

6. Avoid wordiness by using clear, exact, or specific language in stating the hypotheses

7. Variables used in the study are stated in their operational forms.

Guidelines in Formulating Hypothesis:

Significance of the study

is a portion of the study where researcher will tell the importance and purpose of the study. This portion

Significance of the study

This portion notes the benefits of the study either to a body or scientific knowledge, to practitioners in the area of research or to any other group which will benefit from the results

1. Refer to the statement of the problem

Your problem statement can guide you in identifying the specific contribution of your study. You can do this by observing a one-to-one comespondence between the statement of the problem and the significance of the study.

2. Identify the beneficiaries and the benefits they can get from the study

It can be written from general to specific contribution (deductive) or specific to general contribution (inductive).

Deductive

General to specific contribution

Inductive

Specific to general contribution