class 11 - ATP + energy

metabolism

the chemical reaction occurring within cells that convert one molecule into another and transfer energy in living systems

catabolism

• break down molecules into smaller units

• produces ATP

anabolism

• build molecules from smaller units utilizing an input of energy

• uses ATP

• results in net energy storage within cells and the organism

energy

makes work possible, can be transferred, cannot be created or destroyed

kinetic energy

• energy of motion

• anything that’s moving

• examples: thermal (heat), electricity (movement of electrons), light (movement of photons)

potential energy

• energy due to position (location, structure, orientation)

• also known as enthalpy

• stored energy- can be released if position changes

what types of energy do molecules have?

• molecules have both kinetic and potential energy if not at absolute zero temperature

  • KE from constant motion

  • PE from arrangement of bonds and atoms

what type of energy is in gradients?

• potential energy

• molecules have a higher PE where they are more abundant, and are able to spontaneously (no external energy needed) move down the gradient

  • applies to concentration and charges

chemical energy

a form of potential energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule

what is the chemical energy of strong bonds or a stable molecule?

weak chemical energy

what is the chemical energy of weak bonds or a less stable molecule?

high chemical energy

• high because the bond is fighting against the randomness of the universe to stay together

• when a weak bond is broken, more energy is released

when a bond becomes more stable, what happens to the chemical energy?

becoming more stable releases chemical energy

why is carbohydrate a fuel storage molecule?

• it contains weak bonds (C-C and C-H), which require high energy to stay intact

• when broken, energy is transformed from chemical potential energy a form of energy that can do work

what is the role of ATP in the cell?

ATP controls the transformation of energy in the cell

how much potential energy does ATP have?

ATP contains a high amount of potential energy due to its phosphate bonds, which when broken, release energy that can be utilized for cellular work.

• the phosphate bonds are unstable (their negative charges repel), so a lot of energy is used to hold them together. therefore, breaking it releases a lot of usable energy

ATP structure

ribose, adenine (base), 3 phosphate groups