Chapter 22: The Evolution of Primates

Ardipithecus ramidus

________, which appeared about 4.8 mya, may have given rise to Australopithecus anamensis, which in turn probably gave rise to another primitive hominin, Australopithecus afarensis.

Primates

________ are placental mammals that arose from small, arboreal (tree- dwelling), shrew- like mammals.

Australopithecines

________ were bipedal, a hominin feature.

modern genera of apes

There are four ________: gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees.

Afarensis

________ gave rise to several australopithecine species, including Australopithecus africanus, Paranthropus spp., and possibly Homo habilis.

Neandertals

________ had short, sturdy builds; receding chins and foreheads; heavy supraorbital ridges and jawbones; larger front teeth; and nasal cavities with unusual triangular bony projections.

Homo habilis

________ fashioned crude tools from stone.

Hominoids

________ arose from the Old World monkey lineage.

Homo erectus

________, which is probably a later Asian offshoot of H. ergaster, appears to be an evolutionary dead end.

Orrorin

________ is an early hominin that arose about 6 mya.

Large human brain size

________ makes possible the transmission of knowledge from one generation to the next.

hominin line

The ________ consists of humans and their ancestors.

suborder Anthropoidea

The ________ includes anthropoids: monkeys, apes, and humans.

Archaic humans

________ are regionally diverse descendants of H. ergaster that lived in Africa, Asia, and europe from about 1.2 mya to 200, 000 years ago.

Homo heidelbergensis

________, which appeared about 600, 000 years ago and existed until about 300, 000 years ago, may have descended from H. antecessor.

ape skeletons

Unlike ________, hominin skeletons have adaptations that reflect the ability to stand erect and walk on two feet.

Homo sapiens

________, anatomically modern humans, existed in Africa about 195, 000 years ago.

human brain

The ________ is larger than ape brains, and the jaw is structured so that the teeth are arranged in a U shape.

Primates

________ are divided into three suborders.

Homo habilis

________ was the earliest known hominin with some of the human features lacking in the australopithecines, including a slightly larger brain.

Neandertals

________ lived from about 250, 000 to 28, 000 years ago.

Homo erectus

________ had a larger brain than H. habilis; made more sophisticated tools; and may have worn clothing, built fires, and lived in caves or shelters.

Primates

________ possess five grasping digits, including an opposable thumb or toe; long, slender limbs that move freely at the hips and shoulders; and eyes located in front of the head.

The suborder Anthropoidea includes anthropoids

monkeys, apes, and humans

Early anthropoids branched into two groups

New World monkeys

There are four modern genera of apes

gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, and chimpanzees

Significant advances in human culture were the transition from a hunter

gatherer way of life to the development of agriculture and the Industrial Revolution