HSS 1101 (reproduction & illicit drugs) Chapter 8 and 11

Fertility

a persons ability to reproduce

technology

more control, responsibility over fertility

conception

fertilization of ovum by sperm

contraception

methods of preventing conception

abstinence

not engaging in intercourse

condoms

barrier to STI’s, effectiveness rate 85%

reversible contraception

birth control patch, emergency contraceptive pills, oral contraceptives; progestin-only pills, foams, creams, 92% effective

oral contraceptives for men

slow development - difficulty manipulating manufacture & release of sperm, side effect, impotence, decreased sex drive

Fertility awareness methods

alteration or abstinence of sexual behaviours based on the woman’s fertility

-Cervical Mucus method

-body temp method

calendar method

permanent contraception

females - tubal ligation (tube ties), hysterectomy (removed uterus)

males - Vasectomy - cutting, cauterizing, tying

Abortion

legal in Canada, medical terminating of pregnancy

64, 641 abortions performed in 2010, highest in Ontario, lowest in PEI

Vacuum aspiration

dilation and evacuation, dilation and curettage, hysterectomy, prostaglandin

emotion health for planning a pregnancy

maternal health - physical activity, healthy diet, no drugs, reduce exposure to environmental chemicals, constant dental health

paternal - sperm damage from poor diets, influences: Down, Klinefelter & prader- willi syndrome

Parental Care

importance of regular check-ups, choosing a practitioner, Ob-gyn, family practitioner & midwife

Alcohol and drugs during pregnancy

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder, x-rays avoid possible birth defects

Woman’s reproductive years

Quality of eggs decline after age 35, miscarriages and birth defects rise

Pregnancy Testing

measures human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), hormone produced during pregnancy

Early signs of pregnancy

breast tenderness, extreme fatigue, sleeplessness, emotional upset, nausea, vomiting

First trimester

Embryo and Fetus

Embryo

fertilized egg to end of 2nd month

Fetus

start of 3rd month until birth

2nd trimester

physical changes in mother more visible, placenta well established

Third trimester

greatest growth in fetus,85% of mothers calcium, iron goes to fetus, fetus may live if born in the 7th month

Amniocentesis

analyzes amniocentesis: analyzes amniotic fluid

Ultrasound

determines size and position of fetus

chorionic villus sampling

tissue from fetal sac useful for couples for the risk of Down Syndrome

Breaking of the Waters

amniotic sac breaks, contractions dilate cervix, expulsion, contractions push fetus through birth canal, placenta expelled from the womb

Colostrum

in breast milk that contains vital antibodies

Postpartum

occurs 4-6 weeks after birth, depression

Caesarean Section

surgical procedure to remove baby, longer recovery

Miscarriage

10% of pregnancies, caused by problems with the mother or the egg, Rh Factor (blood), ectopic pregnancy

still birth

baby born dead, highest rate in women ages 25-29

Sudden infant death Syndrome (SIDS)

infant death under 1 year of age (no apparent reason), multiple risk factors

Infertility

difficulty conceiving, 1in 6 couples

causes for infertility in women

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), endometriosis

causes for infertility in men

low sperm count, mumps virus, varicose veins above testes

Treatment of infertility

30-70% success depending on cause

-surgical and hormonal attempts

-fertility drugs

-alternative insemination

-in vitro fertilization

-gamete intrafallopian transfer

-nonsurgical embryo transfer

-embryo freezing

-surrogate motherhood

STI

sexually transmitted infections, high rates in universities

symptoms of PID (pelvic inflamatory disease)

lower abdominal pain; fever, unusual discharge, painful intercourse, painful urination

Epididymitis

inflammation of epididymis, most common in young men ages 19-35, treatment: pain & anti-inflammatory medication

use of cocaine worldwide

153- 300 million in the past year

anti-drug programs

multidimensional approach

Cocaine

crystalline white alkaloid powder, powerful stimulant, snorted, smoked, injected

Increased heart, breathing rate and blood pressure, fatigue, twitching, paranoia

Freebase cocaine (rocks)

pure base - removed hydrochloride salt, dangerous, quick intense high (crack - street name)

methamphetamine

potent, long-acting, addictive, increased physical activity, alertness and decreased appetite, paranoia, aggression, psychosis, tooth decay

Marijuana (cannabis)

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) - psychoactive substance

hashish: derived from thick, sticky resin

dependence, increased cancer risk, irritated respiratory system, reduced motivation

marijuana as medicine

controls nausea, and vomiting, reduces loss of lean muscle (AIDS), reduce muscle pain, spasticity, relieves eye pressure

Narcotics

derived from opium, causes drowsiness, relieves pain, induces euphoria

Ex. morphine, codeine, heroin, black tar heroin

relieves pain, lowers heart rate, respiration & blood pressure

Heroin addiction

tolerance, withdrawal symptoms

treatment for heroin addiction

high rate of relapse, distinct pattern of withdrawal

methadone

used in 1960 for addiction, synthetic narcotic that causes potential addiction

psychedelics

alters feelings, perceptions and thoughts, able to creating auditory and visual hallucinations

-LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), tablet, acid

-Mescaline: from peyote cactus

-psilocybin: magic mushrooms

Deliriants

PCP (phencyclidine) angel dust, synthetic white powder

Designer drugs

Ecstasy - structural analogues of more familiar drugs, mimic psychoactive effects of controlled drugs

Anabolic Steroids

artificial forms of testosterone, promotes muscle growth and strength

Ergogenic drugs

enhance athletic performance

Harm reduction of illicit drugs

supervised injection sites (1st site; 2003 Vancouver BC)

Benefits of sleep

reparative chemicals released, brain cleared of daily minutiae, learning is synthesized, memories conserved

How sleep maintains physical health

maintains immune system, reduces cardiovascular disease, contributes to healthy metabolism

how sleep affects your ability to function

neurological functioning, improves motor tasks

how sleep promotes psychosocial health

cerebral cortex rests during sleep, more stressed with out sleep

poor sleep

triggers depression, anxiety disorders

Circadian rhythm

24 hour cycle that controls sleep, wakefulness, and habitual behaviours, regulated by melatonin

Sleep

readily reversible state of reduced responsiveness

REM sleep

sleep increases during the night, dreaming occurs, muscles paralyzed

Stage 1 of sleep

drifting off to sleep

stage 2 of sleep

in a deeper state

stage 3 of sleep

delta waves slow, BP and HR drop

stage 4 of sleep

deepest stage of sleep

Average hours of sleep

7-8 hours

Sleep debt

total hours of missed sleep, naps cannot cancel it

Sleep inertia

cognitive impairment, grogginess, disoriented feeling occurring after 30 minutes of napping

Insomnia

difficulty falling asleep, frequent arousals during sleep, early morning awakening

Cause of insomnia

stress, disruption of circadian rhythm

Insomnia treatment

cognitive behavioural therapist, hypnotic sedative medication, relaxation techniques (yoga, meditation)

Sleep apnea

breathing briefly, repeatedly interrupted during sleep

Central sleep apnea

brain-respiratory system disconnect, no breathing initiated

obstructive sleep apnea

most common, no air movement in nose or mouth

Restless leg syndrome

neurological disorder of unpleasant sensation at rest, treated with medication and a decrease in tobacco

Narcolepsy

excessive, intrusive sleeping, reduction in nerve cells containing hypocretin

ketamine

hallucinogen that causes an out of body experience

spice

synthetic hallucinogen that mimic weed

magic mushrooms

natural hallucinogen that alters sense

heroin

depressant that reduces pain and itch