Exam 3 Study Guide: Immune, Respiratory, and Urinary Systems

Complete Blood Count (CBC)

A test that measures the levels of different blood cells, including white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.

Elevated cell in bacterial infection

Neutrophils are typically elevated in a bacterial infection.

Primary function of lymphocytes

To recognize and respond to specific pathogens.

Primary function of eosinophils

To combat multicellular parasites and certain infections.

Primary function of neutrophils

To engulf and digest bacteria and fungi.

Primary function of monocytes

To differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells to help in immune response.

Primary function of basophils

To release histamine during allergic reactions and asthma.

Primary function of cytotoxic T cells

To kill cancer cells and cells infected with viruses.

Primary function of Helper T cells

To assist other white blood cells in immunologic processes.

Primary function of macrophages

To phagocytize pathogens and dead cells.

Primary function of B cells/Plasma cells

To produce antibodies against antigens.

Important in adaptive immunity

The ability of the immune system to recognize and remember specific pathogens.

Functions of the spleen

To filter blood, recycle iron, and support immune responses.

Functions of the lymphatic system

To transport lymph, filter pathogens, and support immune function.

Differences between viruses and other pathogens

Viruses require a host cell to replicate, while other pathogens can replicate independently.

Causes of redness and swelling in inflammation

Increased blood flow and permeability of blood vessels.

Differences between innate and adaptive immune system

Innate immunity is non-specific and immediate, while adaptive immunity is specific and develops over time.

Naturally acquired active immunity

Immunity gained through infection and recovery.

Artificially acquired active immunity

Immunity gained through vaccination.

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Immunity gained through the introduction of antibodies from another source.

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Immunity gained through maternal antibodies.

Type I hypersensitivity

Allergies

Type II hypersensitivity

Blood transfusion reactions

Type III hypersensitivity

Immune complex diseases

Type IV hypersensitivity

Delayed-type hypersensitivity

Different immunoglobulins

Types include IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, and IgD.

Activation of the complement system

Triggered by pathogen recognition, leading to opsonization and cell lysis.

complement system function

attacks and breaks down cell walls, attracts phagocytes, stimulates inflammation

Functions of mucus-lined nasal passages

To trap pathogens and particles, humidify air, and facilitate olfaction.

Anatomy of the respiratory system

Includes the nasal passages, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

Function of the trachea

To provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs.

Causes of air movement into lungs during inspiration

Diaphragm contraction and thoracic cavity expansion.

Causes of air movement during quiet expiration

Relaxation of the diaphragm and elastic recoil of the lungs.

Location of respiratory control areas

In the brainstem, primarily the medulla oblongata and pons.

Main driver for respiration

Carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

Ventilation

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

Minute ventilation calculation

Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate.

Oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve

Describes how hemoglobin's oxygen binding affinity changes with oxygen concentration.

Oxygen transport in blood

Primarily bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells.

Location of gas exchange in the lungs

Occurs in the alveoli of the lungs.

Expiratory reserve volume

air that can be forcibly exhaled

Inspiratory reserve volume

air that can be forcibly inhaled

Residual volume

air remaining after exhalation

Tidal volume

normal breath volume

Vital capacity

maximum air expelled after maximum inhalation

Anatomic dead space

volume of air remaining in conducting passages

Minute ventilation

total volume of air inhaled and exhaled each minute

Alveolar ventilation

the amount of air that reaches the alveoli

Normal blood gases

Includes oxygen, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate levels.

Impact of hyperventilation on blood gases

Leads to decreased carbon dioxide levels (hypocapnia).

Impact of hypoventilation on blood gases

Leads to increased carbon dioxide levels (hypercapnia).

Impact of exercise on blood gases

Increases oxygen demand and carbon dioxide production.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A progressive lung disease that obstructs airflow, often associated with emphysema.

Pneumothorax

The presence of air in the pleural space causing lung collapse.

Asthma attack

Characterized by airway inflammation, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production.

Anatomy and function of the urinary system

Includes kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra, responsible for waste elimination and fluid balance.

kidney function

filter blood and produce urine

Flow of urine through renal tubule segments

From the glomerulus to the proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule, and collecting duct.

Anatomy and function of a nephron

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.

Reabsorption of electrolytes, amino acids, and glucose

Occurs primarily in the proximal convoluted tubule.

Effects of ADH on the kidney

Increases water reabsorption in the collecting ducts.

Hydrogen ions secretion

Occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct.

Effects of afferent/efferent arteriole vasoconstriction

decreases renal blood flow and glomerular filtration by increasing vascular resistance and decreasing pressure

Effects of afferent/efferent arteriole vasodilation

increases renal blood flow and glomerular filtration by decreasing resistance

Normal constituents of urine

Includes water, urea, creatinine, and electrolytes.

Function of the countercurrent mechanism in the nephron

To concentrate urine and conserve water.

Effects of Aldosterone on the nephron

Increases sodium reabsorption and potassium secretion.

Function of renin

To regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

What is renal clearance

volume of plasma cleared of a particular substance in a given time

Normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Approximately 90-120 mL/min.

Factors that modulate GFR

Blood pressure, blood volume, and afferent/efferent arteriole resistance.

Composition of glomerular filtrate vs plasma

Glomerular filtrate is similar to plasma but lacks large proteins and cells.

Urea

A waste product formed from protein metabolism.

Location of the micturition reflex center

In the sacral spinal cord.

Micturition reflex

The involuntary contraction of the bladder and relaxation of the urethral sphincter.

Anatomy of the bladder

A muscular sac that stores urine.

Flow of urine from nephron to urethra

From the nephron to the collecting duct, then to the ureter, bladder, and urethra.

Higher risk of urinary tract infection in females

Due to shorter urethra and proximity to the anus.