Practical #3

what is this?

entire kidney

what is this?

kidney section

what is this?

healthy kidney

what is this?

kidney carcinoma

what is this?

mammal ureter 

what is this?

female mammal urethra 

what is this?

collapsed bladder 

what is this?

distended bladder 

what are some notable characteristics of the distended bladder?

• decrease in mucosa folding —> expansion when filled with urine

• thinning of the epithelium 

what is this?

ovary 

what is this?

secretory uterus 

what is this?

testis 

what is this?

epididymis

what is this?

penis 

what is this?

liver 

what is this?

cirrhosis of liver 

what happens in the cirrhosis of the liver?

• scar tissue develops and replaces normal hepatic tissue

• separation of hepatocyte nodules 

• impedes blood flow and liver function 

what is this?

fundic

what is this? 

duodenum 

what is this? 

jejunum 

what is this? 

ileum 

what is this? 

recto-anal junction 

why is the recto-anal junction called a junction? 

it transitions from simple columnar to stratified squamous 

what is this? 

colon 

what is this?

primate esophagus-stomach junction

what is this? 

tooth 

what are the 2 main functions of the urinary system?

• regulate homeostasis

• eliminate of waste products 

major structures of the urinary system 

• kidneys

• ureters

• bladder

• urethra

blood vessels enter/exit the ____ at the _____

kidney; hilum 

what delivers blood to the kidneys for processing?

renal arteries

what carries blood away from the kidneys?

renal veins

kidneys produce ____ as a result of carrying out the major functions of the _____

urine; urinary system 

ureters ____ urine from ____ to ____

transport; kidneys; bladder

bladder are _____ storage _____ for _____

temporary; reservoir; urine

urethra ____ urine from ____ out of the ____

excrete; bladder; body

ureters are ___ of ___ as there’s one per kidney

pair; tubes

ureters run from the ____ to the ____

kidney; bladder

ureters are continuous with the ____

renal pelvis

ureters enter the ____ and ____ aspect of the ____

posterior; aspect; bladder

ureters runs behind the ____

peritoneum

peristalsis in ureters is aided by ____ in urine transport

gravity

how would you describe the bladder?

smooth, collapsible muscular sac

a moderately full bladder is about _____ long and holds about ____ of urine

5 inches; 500 mL

____ is a triangular region of the bladder base

trigone

what are the 3 openings of the bladder? 

• 2 from the ureters

• 1 to the urethra

in males the _____ surrounds the neck of the bladder

prostate gland

the bladder wall has ___ layers of ____ that is collectively called the ____

3; smooth muscle; detrusor muscle 

the bladder wall has mucosa made of ______

transitional epithelium

bladder wall is ___ and folds when it’s ___

thick; empty

bladder can expand significantly without _________

increasing internal pressure

the urethra is a ___ walled tube that ____ urine from the ____ to the ____ of the body by ____

thin; carries; bladder; outside; peristalsis

what are the 2 sphincters that control the release of urine? 

• internal urethral sphincter

• external urethral sphincter

what’s the difference between internal and external urethral sphincters?

• internal: involuntary and made of smooth muscle 

• external: voluntary and made of skeletal muscle 

female vs male: urethra length 

• female: 3-4 cm 

• male: 20 cm 

female vs male: urethra location

• female: next to the wall of the vagina

• male: through the prostate and penis

female vs male: urethra function 

• female: only carries urine 

• male: carries urine and passageway for sperm cells

the kidneys are located against the _____ body wall and at the level of the ____ to ____ vertebrae 

dorsal; T12; L3

why is the right kidney slightly lower than the left kidney?

position of the liver

renal cortex is the ___ region

outer 

renal medulla is ____ the cortex

inside

renal pelvis is the _____ tube

inner collecting

renal hilum is a ________ where several structures ____ or ____ the kidney

medial indentation; enter; exit

an adrenal gland sits ____ each kidney

on top

the ____ surrounds each kidney

renal capsule

the ______ is the outermost capsule

renal fascia

what are the 2 functions of the renal fascia?

• hold the kidneys in place against the trunk wall muscles 

• divides the fat that surrounds the kidney into 2 layers

what are the 2 layers of fat that surrounds the kidney?

1. inner fat: perirenal fat 

2. outer fat: pararenal fat 

perirenal fat is between the _____

capsule of the kidney fascia

what is the purpose of the perirenal fat?

• cushions against blows 

• attachment to body wall 

what’s the purpose of having fat surround the kidney?

keeps it properly situated

what is nephroptosis?

• aka renal ptosis 

• position changes and drops in the body cavity 

• maybe due to loss of perirenal fat 

_____ is triangular regions of tissue in the medulla 

renal medullary pyramids 

______ are extensions of cortex-like material inward that ____ the renal pyramids

renal columns; separate

______ are cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the _____

calyces; renal pelvis

___% of total body blood volume passes through the kidneys each minute

25

renal artery branches from the ______ and provides _____ to the kidney

abdominal aorta; arterial blood

renal vein drains blood from the _____ into the ______

kidneys; inferior vena cava

aorta —> ____ —> ____ —> ____ —> ____ —>____ —>____ —> glomerulus —>____ —> peritubular capillaries —>____ —>____ —>____ —>____ —> inferior vena cava

• renal artery —> segmental artery —> interlobar artery —> arcuate artery —> cortical radiate artery —> afferent arteriole 

• efferent arteriole

• cortical radiate vein —> arcuate vein —> interlobar vein —> renal vein

nephrons are the ____ and ____ units of the kidneys

structural; functional

what is responsible for forming urine?

the nephron

what are the 2 capillary beds associated with the nephron?

• glomerulus 

• peritubular capillaries 

what are the 2 major structures of the nephron?

• renal corpuscle

• renal tubule 

what is the renal tubule start and end?

glomerular capsule

proximal convoluted tubule 

• nephron loop 

• distal convoluted tubule 

• collecting duct 

what is the site of nephron filtration?

renal corpuscle (blood flows glomerular capillaries —> glomerular capsule)

what is the glomerulus?

knot of capillaries

_____ supplies the glomerulus and it is drained by _____

afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole 

what happens to the glomerulus under high pressure?

fluid and small solutes are forced out of blood and into the glomerular capsule

glomerulus is covered by ____ on the ____ layer of the glomerular capsule

podocytes; visceral

where is the glomerular capsule located and function?

• beginning of the renal tubule

• encloses the glomerulus

what are the 2 layers of the glomerular capsule?

• visceral layer

• parietal layer

describe the visceral later of the glomerular capsule

composed of podocytes with foot processes that form part of the filtration membrane

describe the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule

outer impermeable wall

where does peritubular capillary beds arise from?

efferent arteriole of the glomerulus

unlike the glomerulus, the peritubular capillary beds are _________

normal, low pressure

instead of filtration the peritubular capillary beds are adapted for _____

absorption

why does the peritubular capillary beds cling close to the renal tubule? 

to reabsorb some substances from collecting tubes 

what’s the function of the renal tubule?

site of tubular reabsorption and secretion

what is the flow of urine from collecting duct? 

DCT empty into —> receive urine from nephrons —> run through pyramids —> deliver urine unto calyces and renal pelvis 

what are the 2 types of nephrons

• cortical nephrons 

• juxtamedullary nephrons 

where is the cortical nephron located

entirely in renal cortex