CSAD 222 Phonological Processes

for final exam

3 main types of phonological processes

substitution processes, syllable structure processes, and assimilatory processes

syllable structure processes

include weak syllable deletion, final consonant deletion, reduplication, and cluster reduction

weak syllable deletion

omission of an unstressed syllable preceding or following a stressed syllable; can persist until a child is 4; sometimes found in adults

example of weak syllable deletion

/tɛləfon/ as /tɛfon/

final consonant deletion

reduces a syllable to a CV pattern or open syllable; can persist until

reduplication

repetition of a syllable of a word; can be total “mommy” as /mama/, or partial “bottle” as /bada/; can persist until child is 2;6

example of reduplication

/dædɪ/ as /dædæ/

cluster reduction

deletion of a consonant from a consonant cluster; can persist until child is 4;0-5;0

example of cluster reduction

/stɹaɪp/ as /tɹaɪp/

substitution processes

stopping, fronting, deaffrication, gliding, and vocalization

stopping

substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate; commonly occurs in typical development; sometimes, can also change voicing; can persist until child is 4;0-5;0

example of stopping

/zu/ as /du/

fronting

substitution of an alveolar consonant for a velar, palatal, or glottal consonant; commonly occurs in typical development; can persist until child is 2;6-3;0

example of fronting

/wɑʃ/ as /wɑs/

deaffrication

substitution of a fricative for an affricate; can occur simultaneously with other processes; can persist until child is 4;0

example of deaffrication

/dʒus/ as /ʒus/ 

gliding

substitution of glides /w/ and /j/ for the liquids /l/ and /ɹ/; very common in typically developing children; seen as early as 2;0 and can persist until child is 5;0 and older

example of gliding

/blu/ as /bwu/

vocalization

(vowelization) substitution of a vowel for postvocalic /l/ and /ɹ/; easy to make transcription errors; also involves derhotacization of /ɝ, ɚ, ɪɹ, ɛɹ, ʊɹ, ɔɹ, and aɹ/

example of vocalization

/fɛl/ as /fɛo/

assimilatory processes

labial assimilation, alveolar assimilation, velar assimilation, prevocalic voicing, and devoicing

labial assimilation

a non-labial phoneme is produced with labial place of articulation; happens when a labial phoneme is present elsewhere in the word; follows rules of progressive/regressive assimilation; can persist until child is 6;0

example of labial assimilation

/mæd/ as /mæb/

alveolar assimilation

a non-alveolar phoneme is produced with an alveolar place of articulation; happens when an alveolar phoneme is present elsewhere in the word; follows rules of progressive/regressive assimilation; can persist until child is 5;0

example of alveolar assimilation

/taɪm/ as /taɪn/

velar assimilation

a non-velar phoneme is produced with a velar place of articulation; happens when a velar phoneme is present elsewhere in the word; follows rules of progressive/regressive assimilation

example of velar assimilation

/kʌp/ as /kʌk/

prevocalic voicing

voicing of a normally unvoiced consonant; occurs on a consonant that precedes a vowel; follows rules of progressive/regressive assimilation; can persist until child is 6;0

example of prevocalic voicing

/pɪg/ as /bɪg/

devoicing

de-voicing a normally voiced phoneme occurring in syllable-final position; occurs before a pause, silence, or end of utterance; follows rules of anticipatory/carryover assimilation; can persist until child is 3;0

example of devoicing

/bæd/ as /bæt/

phonological process

predictable patterns of sound errors made by typically developing children

phonological disorder

a phonological process that continues past the age of typical suppression; children with phonological disorders have a higher instance of cluster reduction, stopping, gliding, and vocalization