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absorption
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream.
amino acids
small building blocks of proteins (like links in a chain), released when proteins are digested.
amylase
Enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch.
anus
Terminal end of opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body.
appendix
Blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the RLQ).
bile
Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules.
bilirubin
Pigment released by the liver in bile.
bowel
Intestine
canine teeth
Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors. Also called cuspids or eyeteeth.
cecum
First part of the large intestine.
Colon
Large intestine, consisting of the cecum; the ascending, transverse, and descending segments of the colon; and the rectum.
common bile duct
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Also called the choledochus.
defecation
Elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
deglutition
Swallowing
dentin
The primary material found in teeth. It is covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root.
digestion
Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
duodenum
First part of the small intestine; the duodenum measures 12 inches long.
elimination
Act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces.
emulsification
Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
enamel
Hard, outermost layer of a tooth
enzyme
A chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances.
esophagus
Tube connecting the throat to the stomach.
fatty acids
Substances produced when fats are digested.
feces
solid wastes; stool
gallbladder
Small sac under the liver; stores bile.
glucose
Simple sugar
glycogen
Starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
hydrochloric acid
Substance produced by the stomach; necessary for digestion of food
ileum
Third part of the small intestine.
incisor
One of four front teeth in the dental arch
insulin
Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver.
jejunum
Second part of the small intestine.
lipase
Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.
liver
A large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen. The liver secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; and destroys worn-out red blood cells. The normal adult liver weighs about 2 1/2 to 3 pounds.
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach. Also called a cardiac sphincter.
mastication
chewing
molar teeth
The sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch
palate
Roof of the mouth. The hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone. The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat.
pancreas
Organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
papillae (singular: papilla)
Small elevations on the tongue
parotid gland
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
peristalsis
Rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs.
pharynx
Throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
protease
Enzyme that digests protein
pulp
Soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscles at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum.
pylorus
Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum.
rectum
Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
rugae
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
saliva
Digestive juice produced by salivary glands
salivary glands
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
sigmoid colon
Fourth and last, S-shaped segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum
sphincter
Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
stomach
Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomach's parts are the fundus, body and antrum.
triglycerides
Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol.
uvula
Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
villi (singular: villus)
Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream.
an/o
anus
append/o
appendix
appendic/o
appendix
bucc/o
cheek
cec/o
cecum
celi/o
belly, abdomen
cheil/o
lip
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
common bile duct
col/o
colon, large intestine
colon/o
colon
dent/i
tooth
duoden/o
duodenum
enter/o
intestines, usually the small intestine
esophag/o
esophagus
faci/o
face
gastr/o
stomach
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o
tongue
hepat/o
liver
ile/o
ileum
jejun/o
jejunum
labi/o
lip
lapar/o
abdomen
lingu/o
tongue
mandiubul/o
lower jaw, mandible
odont/o
tooth
or/o
mouth
palat/o
palate
pancreat/o
pancreas
peritone/o
peritoneum
pharyng/o
throat
proct/o
anus and rectum
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
rect/o
rectum
sialaden/o
salivary gland
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
stomat/o
mouth
uvul/o
uvula
amyl/o
starch
bil/i
gall, bile
bilirubin/o
bilirubin (bile pigment)