Meat Science LECTURE notes Ex. 1

What does the USDA Include?

• FSIS

• AMS

• FDA

• EPA

What is Food safety inspection service (FSIS)

• Meat & poultry

What is American marketing service (AMS)

• Quality & Value

• Grading

What does the FDA include?

• Nonemeat

• Animal drug

• Additives

What does the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) do?

• Regulate environment

What does the landmark legislation include?

• Federal meat inspection 1906

• Poultry products inspection Act of 1957

• Humane slaughter act of 1958

1906

• Federal meat inspection

1957

• Poultry products inspection

• WWII Food borne illness

1958

• Humane slaughter act

What are the humane ways to slaughter animals?

• Unconscious

• Insensible

Methods:

1. Mechanical (Rifle, unconscious)

2. Electrical (Pigs)

3. Gaseous (Co2 or Co)

1967

• Wholesome meat act

What does the wholesome meat act of 1967 include?

• State = Federal

• Federal = Interstate commerce

What are the different exceptions to legislation?

• Curtis amendment

• Farmers custom exemption

What does the Curtis amendment allow workers to do?

• Process wild game

What does the farmers/custom exemption allows plants to do?

• Ce plant

• Your personal use/ consumption

What is the purpose of inspection?

1. Mandatory

2. Food safety (wholesomeness)

3. Tax payers

What are the inputs of the meat industry?

• Feed

• Veterinary services

• Genetics (Breeds)

What is the production part of the meat industry?

• Cow calf operations

• Stockers and backgrounders

• Feedlots

• Dairy beef

What are cow calf operations?

• Calves stay until weaned at 6-10 months old

What are stockers & backgrounders?

• Cattle start receiving grain

• 8-14 months old

What are feedlots?

• Cattle are slaughtered at 12-22 months old

How much does dairy beef account for in the U.S veal production?

• 18%

What is the processing and distribution sector in the mead industry intel?

• Slaughter/Processing

• Further processing

• Wholesalers

What is the marketing sector of the meat industry intel?

• Supermarkets

• Food service suppliers

• Restaurants

1990

• University of Minnesota

• First university meat lab

1812

• Sam Wilson

• Shipping meat to U.S

• Soldiers during war

• Stored in barrels

• Stamped U.S

Boston butts

• Barrels

1818

• Cincinnati

• Where pigs fly

• Porkopolis

1870-1890

• Railroad system

• Killed meat industry in Cincinnati

Where did the meat industry begin?

• Chicago

1910

Chicago stockyard

1904

• The jungle

• Book about immigrant family

• Upton Sinclair

1906

• Teddy Roosevelt

• Meat inspection act

Antemortem

• Live animal

What is a U.S suspect in Antemortem?

• Crippled

• Can enter food chain

• Temporary

• Minor eye problem

What is U.S condemned in Antemortem?

• Can’t enter food

• Downer

• Death

What is postmortem?

• After death

What is U.S retained in postmortem?

• Temporary

• Tagged

What are the basic roles of inspection?

1. Protect the consumer

2. Detect communicable disease

3. Prevent adulteration

4. False labeling

5. Facility clean & sanitary

6. Detective & destroy diseased meals

What is Kosher?

• Governed by Jewish food laws

• No stunning allowed

• Bleeding, examination & removal of certain organs performed by the shohet

• Removal of sciatic nerve

What is Halal?

• Meets requirements off Islamic food laws

• Performed by a Muslim

• The name of Allah must be recited at time of slaughter

• Stunning discouraged but permitted in some cases

What is growth?

• Increase in size, weight, and mass overtime

• Bone, muscle, & fat

What is development?

• Changes in body composition

• Tissue

What does cellular growth include?

• Hypertrophy

• Hyperplasia

What is hypertrophy?

• Increasing in size

• Existing cells

What is hyperplasia?

• Growing in #’s

• New cell growth

What does bone growth include?

• Osteoblasts

• Fibroblasts

What are fibroblasts?

• Forms tendons & Ligaments

What is myogenesis?

• Formation of muscle fibers

What is are myoblasts?

• They create muscle

What is adipogenesis?

• Formation of lipids (fats)

• Develop at varying rates in different parts of the body

• Deposits of fat (in order)

Mesenteric

• First way fat grows

• Visceral/Internal

Intermuscular

• 2nd way fat grows

• Seam fat/ in between muscle

Subcutaneous

• Third way fat goes

• External/Back fat

Intramuscular

• 4th way fat grows

• Marbling

What is chronological age?

• Time since birth

• Numerical

What is the physiological state?

• Biological stage of development

What is the finishing system?

• Grain vs Grass

What does testosterone do for cattle?

• Helps stimulate bone growth

What does estrogen do for cattle?

• Fat deposition

• Stimulating muscle growth