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Humanistic perspective (Humanism)
Emphasized our need to realize our unique potential and freedom of choice
self-actualizing tendency
Our striving to fulfill our unique abilities
self-concept
all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
real self
Our perception of who we are
ideal self
our perception of who we should be
spotlight effect
Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, etc.
trait theories
Theories that attempt to describe all of the different personality traits that make up personality
trait
An enduring characteristic of our personality
surface traits
Aspects of our personality easily seen by others
source traits
Basic traits that form the core of our personality
The Big Five
traits that have surfaced repeatedly in factor analyses of personality measures - conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, extraversion (C.A.N.O.E)
neuroticism
degree of emotional instability or stability
person-situation interaction
The way particular circumstances and environments change the way we behave
behavioral genetics
The study of the relative influence of genetics on our personality
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors, Freud called it projection
projective tests
personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind
Rorschach inkblot test
the most widely used projective test, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
a projective test requiring examinees to tell a story in response to ambiguous pictures
personality inventory
A standardized test used to identify a person's various personality traits
NEO-PI
a survey that assesses The Big Five traits, people indicate how much they think different verbal descriptions apply to them
Myers-Briggs
personality inventory based on the ideas of Carl Jung that uses 4 dimensions (ENFP / ISTJ)
behavioral perspective
Emphasizes the significant influences of learning and our environment on our personality
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2)
Personality inventory used to measure tendencies toward abnormal behavior (mental illness)
rating scale
Assessment in which a number is used to measure a particular behavior (i.e. 1 - 5)
frequency count
Assessment that determines the frequency of a behavior occurring
social-cognitive perspective
emphasizes the importance of both our environment and our own perceptions in shaping personality
reciprocal determinism
Bandura's explanation of how environment, personal, cognitive characteristics and behavior all influence each other
self-efficacy
One's sense of competence and effectiveness
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive oneself favorably
collectivism
giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
self-esteem
how much you value, respect, and feel confident about yourself; feeling of self-worth
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
