U.S. Industrial Revolution & 19th Century Political Developments

Eli Whitney invention that revolutionized manufacturing

Interchangeable parts

Invention that made cotton cleaning faster and increased slavery in the South

The cotton gin

Main idea of the Industrial Revolution

Shift from hand tools and home production to machines and factory production

Where the Industrial Revolution began

Great Britain

Why industry grew faster in New England

Poor soil for farming, many rivers for waterpower, and access to ports

Definition of mass production

Making large quantities of identical goods quickly and cheaply

Two main economic systems in the U.S. by the 1800s

The industrial North and the agricultural South

Henry Clay's plan to unify the nation

The American System

Three parts of the American System

National Bank, Protective Tariff, Internal improvements (roads and canals)

Major canal that connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean

The Erie Canal

Purpose of the Tariff of 1816

Placed taxes on imports to protect American industries

Purpose of the Second Bank of the United States

Provide a national currency and stabilize the economy

Definition of nationalism

Putting national interests above regional or foreign concerns

Supreme Court case that ruled only Congress could regulate interstate trade

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Supreme Court case that ruled states couldn't tax the national bank

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Chief Justice who strengthened the federal government's power

John Marshall

Treaty that gave Florida to the United States

Adams-Onís Treaty (1819)

Agreement that set the U.S.-Canada border at the 49th parallel

Convention of 1818

What the Monroe Doctrine declared

Warned Europe not to interfere in the Western Hemisphere or create new colonies

Terms of the Missouri Compromise

Maine = free state, Missouri = slave state, slavery banned north of 36°30′ line

Leader who helped create the Missouri Compromise

Henry Clay

Problem temporarily solved by the Missouri Compromise

Balance of free and slave states in Congress

Who won the election of 1828 as a "man of the people"

Andrew Jackson

What was the "corrupt bargain" of 1824

Adams made Henry Clay Secretary of State after Clay helped him win the presidency

Political party formed by Jackson's supporters

The Democratic Party

Definition of the spoils system

Rewarding political supporters with government jobs

Law that forced Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River

Indian Removal Act (1830)

Supreme Court case that ruled Georgia had no right to invade Cherokee lands

Worcester v. Georgia (1832)

Definition of the Trail of Tears

Forced 800-mile march of Cherokee; thousands died from cold, disease, and hunger

The "Five Civilized Tribes"

Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, Seminole

What Jackson's presidency symbolized

Rise of the common man in American politics

Tariff that Southerners hated because it raised prices on imports

Tariff of Abominations (1828)

Who argued that states could nullify federal laws they found unconstitutional

John C. Calhoun

Definition of the Nullification Crisis

South Carolina threatened to secede over the tariff; Jackson threatened to send troops

Who proposed a compromise to end the Nullification Crisis

Henry Clay

Daniel Webster's famous quote defending the Union

"Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!"

Why Jackson opposed the national bank

He believed it favored wealthy elites over common people

How Jackson destroyed the Bank of the United States

Vetoed its recharter and moved funds into "pet banks"

Cause of the Panic of 1837

Bank failures and Jackson's financial policies like the Specie Circular

Political party that formed in opposition to Jackson

The Whig Party

Definition of the Market Revolution

Expansion of markets through new technologies and transportation

Who invented the steamboat

Robert Fulton

Who invented the steel plow

John Deere

Who invented the mechanical reaper

Cyrus McCormick

Who invented the telegraph

Samuel F. B. Morse

Main effect of new transportation (canals, railroads)

Linked regions and lowered shipping costs

How the Market Revolution affected women

Created new job opportunities in factories and increased independence

The North's economy was based on

Manufacturing and trade

The South's economy was based on

Cotton and slavery

The Midwest's economy was based on

Commercial farming (grain, livestock)

Definition of sectionalism

Loyalty to a region's interests rather than the nation as a whole

Main goal of nationalism

Strengthen the country's unity and independence

What growing sectionalism eventually led to

The Civil War