Chapters 24 & 25 MEDMICRO Review

You can find the coronavirus in what animals?

- pigs

- dogs

- cats

- poultry

Which variant causes the most severe coronavirus infections?

- MERS-CoV

- middle east respiratory syndrome

The natural reservoir for the virus that cause SARS.

horseshoe bats

Why do you think SARS-CoV-2 was linked to wrestling matches?

- increased exhalation

- increase concentration of virus in immediate area

What is the variant of concern?

greatest threat by public health authorities

To be classified as a variant of concern, a SARS-CoV-2 strain must show at least one of the following:

- increased transmissibility

- increased virulence

- change in clinical disease presentation

- decrease in effectiveness of public health and social measures

- detrimental change in virus

What do monoclonal antibodies target on SARS CoV-2?

viral spikes

When do the most serious effects of SARS-CoV-2 appear?

SARS-CoV2 serious effects comes 5-10 days after onset of symptoms

Most COVID-19 deaths occurred due to?

acute respiratory distress syndrome

What conditions increase the mortality rate of COVID-19?

- advance age

- diabetes

- obesity

- organ transplant recipient

What are the complications of COVID-19?

- multisystem inflammatory syndrome

- long COVID

What percentage of patients who have had SARS-CoV-2 will get long covid?

10% - 25%

Which test provides faster results in detection of SARS-CoV-2...antigen or PCR?

antigen tests

PCR test rely on the _______ to diagnose SARS?

- amplification of viral RNA

- nucleic acid amplification

In order for Paxlovid to be effective, you must?

take paxlovid early on

How effective were covid vaccines in preventing severe disease???

95% effective

What was the risk of suffering from thrombocytopenia when vaccinated with Johnson and Johnson? 1 in ????

1 in 100,000

What is the most common side effect with receiving the mRNA based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine?

- fever

- fatigue

- joint muscle pain

What were the most severe effects of COVID-19?

cytokine release syndrome

What can coronaviruses cause?

- COVID - 19

- MERS

- SARS

- common cold

What symptoms can SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) cause?

- high fever

- acute respiratory distress

- pneumonia

Are there tests that can confirm coronavirus?

yes, there are tests to confirm coronavirus

understand there are TESTs

Do Orthomyxovirus have an envelope?

yes, Orthomyxovirus have an envelope

How would you characterise Orthomyxovirus spikes?

- hemagglutinin spikes

- neuraminidase spikes

What is Orthomyxovirus's genome?

RNA genome

What is the action of neuraminidase?

hydrolyzes breaks down protective mucus coating of the respiratory tract

What virus(s) is neuraminidase associated with?

influenza A

List the diseases that require inhalation of respiratory secretions.

- rubella

- influenza

- mumps

- SARS

- COVID - 19

What are the symptoms of influenza?

- fever

- myalgia

- pharyngeal pain

- coughing

- nasal discharge

How does it affect organs?

brain & liver

fatty degeneration of the liver and the kidneys

Most common in what age group (s)?

adolescents, young adults, children

What medication should be avoided if you are young?

Aspirin and aspirin-containing medications in young people can cause Reye’s syndrome

What illness is it similar to?

influenza, chickenpox

Where is the influenza vaccine given?

IM (intramuscular)

Is influenza vaccine active or inactive?

inactive

Does influenza vaccine have more than 1 strain?

yes, 3-4 strains

Is there a nasal drop vaccine for influenza?

yes, influenza vaccines also consist of nasal drops

What is a serious complication of influenza vaccine?

guillian-barre syndrome

How can you treat an influenza infection? (there are several medications)

- zanamivir

- oseltamivir

- peramivir

- baloxivir marboxil

What disease is caused by bunyavirus?

hantavirus

Is Sin Nombre hantavirus a zoonosis?

yes, Sin Nombre hantavirus is a zoonosis

What are the symptoms of Sin Nombre hantavirus?

- abrupt fever

- lung edema

- pulmonary failure

- hypotension

How is Sin Nombre hantavirus transmitted?

- airborne

- dried animal waste

When was the first outbreak of Sin Nombre hantavirus in the US?

1993 in Southwest

What diseases does the parainfluenza virus cause?

- bronchitis

- bronchopneumonia

- croup

What complications would you see in males who have mumps?

- orchitis

- epididymitis

- affects reproductive

What disease has Koplik's spots?

measles/rubeola

Give the symptoms/signs you would see with Croup.

hoarse cough

labored breathing

noisy breathing

Why would an obstetrician be concerned if their patient contracted Rubella?

- risk of rubella crossing placenta

- associated with congenital transmission

- cause miscarriage, deafness, cardiac/mental defects

Read and summarize characteristics of the MMR immunization. (what type of virus does it contain? When is it given?, what protection does it provide?)

- MMR contains live attenuated vaccine

- given in early childhood

- provides protections against measles, mumps, rubella

Read and summarize measles (rubeola). (reservoir, any secondary infections, can it be fatal-what complication, symptoms,)

- humans are reservoirs

- secondary bacterial otitis media and sinusitis occur

- cause serious complication: subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE)

- symptoms: sore throat, dry cough, headache, conjunctivitis, lymphadenitis, fever, oral lesions

Read and summarize respiratory syncytial virus (can it cause a serious disease and in who?, where does it replicate in the body? Treatment? What age group is it common?

- common cause of respiratory infections in babies

- replicates in nasopharynx

- treat w/ ribavirin

- most common in babies

Read and summarize rabies. (zoonotic? Animals that are reservoirs, transmission via? Symptoms?)

- rabies is zoonotic

- primary reservoirs are bats, skunks, racoons, foxes

- transmitted via bite, scratch, inhalation

- symptoms: agitation, seizures/convulsions, twitching/muscle spasms, hydrophobia, cognitive impairment, paralysis

When thinking of rabies, how do you treat an animal bite? (several things you should do)

- receive post exposure vaccine right away (HDCV vaccine)

- infuse wound w/ human rabies immunoglobulin

- clean wound w/ soap and water; debride any debris

What type of vectors are involved in arboviruses?

arthropods

Read and summarize encephalitis associated with arboviruses. (symptoms, what would you see in severe cases)

- fever

- headache

- rash

- muscle aches

- joint pain

- coma

- convulsions

- paralysis

- myalgia (muscle pain)

What diseases are associated with hemorrhagic fever?

yellow fever

What are the characteristics of West Nile virus? (Type of virus, transmission, symptoms, complications)

- arbovirus

- transmitted via mosquitoes

- flu-like

- leads to encephalitis

Read and summarize Yellow fever and Dengue fever. ( type of virus, what is affected in the body, zoonotic or not, vector

- caused by arbovirus

- disrupts capillaries & blood clotting

- zoonotic

- transmitted by mosquitoes

Read and summarize retroviruses. ( what do they have on membranes, envelope or not, what specific enzyme, what happens to their genes)

retroviruses have glycoprotein spikes

have an envelope

reverse transcriptase

HIV

viral genes will integrate into the host genome

Read and summarize what happens with AIDS patients. (what is affected, what cell counts are low and quantify, susceptible patterns-illnesses etc., where are the most cases world wide)

- immune system is affected

- CD4 T-cell lymphocytes are low

• counts are below 200 cells per microliter

- Unusual cancer

- Africa

- Susceptible patterns include repeated life-threatening infections

How is HIV transmitted?

- unprotected sexual contact

- contact w/ blood/blood products

Read and summarize HIV. (what type of virus is it, what does that mean—retrovirus, how does it attach, what happens to the DNA as it pertains to the host, what specific enzyme, note that it can enter the nervous tissue and cause abnormalities)

- enter the nervous tissue and cause abnormalities

- retrovirus

- attaches to host by CD4 receptors

- viral DNA will integrate into host nucleus

- reverse the usual order of transcription

What drug interferes (not a specific name but a specific type) with an HIV enzyme needed for final assembly?

protease inhibitors

What type of drugs interfere with a virus inserting itself into host DNA?

integrase inhibitors

What cancer is frequently seen in AIDS patients?

- kaposi sarcoma

NOT CAUSED BY HIV

What is hydrophobia and what disease is it associated with?

- fear of water

- associated w/ Rabies

You would see what type of intracellular inclusions in rabies?

negri bodies

Read and summarize poliomyelitis. ( transmission, symptoms, what happens if it enters the nervous system, prevention

- fecal-oral tranmission

- mild symptoms: headache, sore throat, fever, and nausea

- enter CNA, motor neurons can be infected and destroyed

- Yes there is a vaccine

What is the major virus responsible for the common cold?

rhinovirus

What virus is the primary cause of morbidity and mortality from diarrhea?

rotavirus

Read and summarize Norwalk. (what type of virus, how is it transmitted, how is it acquired, what area is affected)

- calicivirus

- transmitted by fecal-oral route

- acquired thru contaminated H2O & shellfish

- can cause gastroenteritis

Read and summarize Hepatitis A infection ( how is it transmitted, symptoms, treatment or therapy, vaccine and name, vaccine name)

- transmitted by fecal oral transmission

- symptoms: flu-like, discomfort near liver, darkened urine

- tx: immunoglobulin therapy decrease severity

- vaccine: HAVRIX is an inactivated vaccine for prevention

Read and summarize spongiform encephalopathies. (what abnormalities within the body are they associated with-what system are they associated with, what agent causes, associated diseases)

- infection in brain

- chronic/fatal infections of nervous system

- prions cause tranmissible spongiform encephalopathies in humans

- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

- Gerstmann Straussler Scheinker syndrome

How do you cultivate the influenza virus (for vaccines)?

live poultry eggs

What diseases are caused by a paramyxovirus?

- parainfluenza

- mumps

- measles

- RSV

Read and summarize polio. (treatment, transmission, vaccine and developer, do most infections result in paralysis)

- tx only alleviates pain/suffering

- transmitted via fecal-oral

- vaccine created by jonas salk

- most infections do not end in paralysis

Coxsackieviruses can cause what disease?

hand-foot-mouth disease

What does AIDS stand for?

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

How do you acquire HBV, HCV, and HAV? (hepatitis)

- blood contact: B & C

- fecal: A

Why is it hard to develop a vaccine against HIV?

- surface antigens on HIV change

- due to frequent mutations

What is the most effective HIV treatment?

- different drugs directed at different enzymes

- ex: reverse transcriptase, integrase, fusion

Which virus is associated with adult T-cell leukemia?

human t-cell lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV1)

What area in the body do rhinoviruses infect and why?

- affects upper respiratory tract MORE than the lower

- optimum temp is 33 C

Read and summarize prions. (can they be destroyed, treatment, what type of diseases do they cause—area they affect, composition).

- cannot be destroyed

- highly resistant to chemicals, radiation, heat

- no meds

- affect nervy and muscle system

- cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

- consist of protein w/o nucleic acid

Read and summarize the Marburg and Ebola virus. (what type of virus, reservoirs and area, symptoms, mortality rate, any vaccines )

- filovirus

- reservoir is west african bats

- causes hemorrhagic fever

- death rate is 90%

- multiple vaccines are being tested

Why is polio virus easily transmissible?

- naked capsid confers stability

- resistant to acid (survive in gastric environment)

- survive in gastric environment

What is an antigenic shift?

- genes/RNA strands are substituted with gene/strand from another influenza virus from different animal host

- switch of host from swines to humans

What is the primary portal of entry for RSV?

- nose

- eye

- replicates in nasopharynx