erythropoietin is released from cells in the
kidney
where do all cells in the body come from
pluripotent cell
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erythropoietin is released from cells in the
kidney
where do all cells in the body come from
pluripotent cell
erythropoietin is released from cells in the kidney in response to
hypoxia
excess RBC hemolysis→
excess amount of unconjugated bilirubin in plasma - hyperbilirubinemia
what type of tissue is blood
fluid connective
whole blood
Blood contained in cardiovascular system
Peripheral blood
Whole blood circulating in blood vessels
carries oxygen, nurtients, waste materials
Plasma
clear liquid in which cellular compontets are suspeneded
blood is 55%
plasma
plasma is 91%
water
plasma is 7%
proteins
albumis, globulins, fibronogen
blood is 45%
other elements
why are platelets not a complete cell
no nucleus
function of blood
transportation, regulation, defense system
what does blood transport
oxygen, nutrients, waste products, hormones, platelets
what does blood regulate
body temperature, tissue fluid content, blood ph (7.35-7.45ph)
what is the blood Defense system consists of
white cells phagocytosis, platelets
hematopoiesis
production of all blood cells
where does hematopoiesis occur
red bone marrow
erythropoiesis
Process of creating red blood cells
nucleated RBC’s may be realesed in response to
severe anemia
thrombopoiesis
Production of platelets
Unopotential stem cell in bone marrow differentiates into a
megakaryocyte
Pieces of cytoplasm from megakaryocytes are relaesed into
peripheral blood as platelets
leukopoiesis
formation of white blood cells
extravascular hemolysis counts for 90% of
senescent RBCs
during the extravascular hemolysis process, hemoglobin is broken down in to
bilirubin
platelets
thrombocytes
how many factors in the Coagulation cascade
13
Absence of platelets can result in
bleeding disorders
petechiae
small hemorrhages on the skin
granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells
function of white blood cells
Provide defense for the body against foreign invaders
process used by neutrophils to go from curculation into tissue spaces
diapedesis
process that attracts neutrophils to inflammatory chemicals at site of infection
chemotaxis
Eosinophil function
Inflammatory response
immunity
phagocytosis
Neutrophil function
involved in early stages of inflammatory response
mast cell function
releases histamines, heparin, degranulation, potent stimulators of allergic and inflammatory responses
t lymphocyte
cell-mediated immunity
b lymphocytes
humoral immunity
natural killer cells
apoptosis
memory cells
wait in lymphoid tissue for second exposure to same antigen
quicker and stronger response than initial immune to reponse
monocyte is
known as macrphage when it enters tissue
Lymphatic system
system of ducts, fluid lymph, lymphoid organs, and tissues
Where would you look for the thymus in a young animal?
cranial thorax
Which leukocyte is responsible for cell-mediated immunity?
t lymphocytes
Which leukocyte is responsible for humoral immunity?
b lymphocytes
There are 13 clotting factors. What is the minimum number of factors that can be deficient or absent before blood will not clot?
0
An example of an agranulocytic leukocyte is a/an
lymphocyte
Redness, swelling, heat, and pain are the four cardinal signs of inflammation. A fifth sign that is frequently added is
loss of function
An animal’s first line of defense against potential disease-causing organisms is the
skin
Transplacental antibody transfer from mother to fetus is an example of
passive immunity
An immunoglobulin is also known as a/an
antibody
Which specific type of immunity is involved in antibody production?
humoral immunity
inadequate lymph drainage can result in
edema
the lymphatic systems functions are to
waste material transportation, filtration of lymph, protein transport
primary lymphoid organs
thymus, bursa of fabricius, peyer’s patches
secondary lymphoid organs
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils
the thymus is only prominent in ______ animals
young
thymus
produces mature t cells sent from the bone marrow, cells leave to secondary lymphoid tissue
Bursa of fabricius
round sac located above cloaca
peyer’s patches
activate b cells to produce antibodies
located in wall of small intestine
Secondary lymphoid organs functions
trap and process antigens and mature lymphocytes that mediate immune responses
lymph nodes
Trap antigens and other foerign materials in lymph
which secondary lymhoid organ can give clue to health of an animal
lymph nodes
spleen
smooth muscle cells contract and squeeze blood out of the ____ and back into circulation
which secondary lymhoid organ acts as a reservoir for blood when animal is at rest
the spleen
white pulp of the spleen
filters out the lymph
Red pulp of the spleen
filter antigens
tonsils function
prevent spread of infection into respiratory and digestive systems
An immature neutrophil with a horseshoe-shaped nucleus is called a...
Band cell