Module 2, Section 1

atoms

basic unit of matter that cannot be broken down any further without losing their chemical properties

protons and neutrons in a nucleus, surrounded by shells of electrons

what are atoms composed of?

each element is made of identical atoms that combine to form compounds

atomic theory

no

are the atoms of each element the same?

no, they are rearranged, combined, or separated

are atoms changed in a chemical reaction?

subatomic particles

particles that make up the atom

positively

how is the nucleus of an atom charged?

proton

positively charged subatomic particles that is located in the nucleus

neutron

non-charged subatomic particle that is located in the nucleus

electon

negatively charged subatomic particle that is located outside of the nucleus in energy shells or rings

atomic orbital

3-D region around an atomic nucleus where there is a high probability of finding an electron

directly

how is electron cloud density related to the probability of locating an electron?

ion

when a neutral atom gains or loses an electron and becomes charged

cation

positively charged ion

anion

negatively charged ion

molecules

the simplest particles of substances; formed when two or more atoms are chemically bonded together

monatomic molecules

molecules that are composed of 1 atom

diatomic molecules

molecules that are composed of 2 atoms

compound

when two or more different atoms chemically bond

ionic, covalent, and hydrogen

what are the three types of chemical bonds that can form between molecules?

ionic bond

atoms gain or lose electrons, leading to attraction with other ions

metals and nonmetals

between what substances does ionic bonding occur?

covalent bonding

atoms share electrons to form a stable molecule

when two nonmetals react

when are covalent bonds formed?

covalent

what is the most common type of bond in biological molecules?

hydrogen bonding

hydrogen atom is attracted to a highly electronegative atom like oxygen or nitrogen

it gives off energy

what happens to the energy of an atom when it combines to make a compound?

organic molecules

molecules that can have non-carbon atoms inside of them, like oxygen or nitrogen, and have mostly covalent bonds

inorganic molecules

molecules that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and can have ionic or covalent bonds

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur

what are the six major elements that compose living things?

covalent

which bond type is essential for the formation of the biological macromolecules?

hydrogen bonds

what bonds are responsible for the properties of water?

liquid at room temp, high specific heat, high heat of vaporization, cohesive and adhesive properties

what are the physical properties of water?

polar, capable of forming hydrogen bonds, and universal solvent

what are the chemical properties of water?

colorless and odorless gas

what are the physical properties of oxygen?

highly reactive and essential for cellular respiration

what are the chemical properties of water?

colorless and odorless gas

what are the physical properties of carbon dioxide?

acidic gas and essential for photosynthesis

what are the chemical properties for carbon dioxide?

hydrolysis

a chemical reaction where a molecule of water is added to break a covalent bond between two monomers; breaks polymers into monomers

thermal, cohesive, adhesive, solvent, density, and transparency

what are the 6 key properties of water?

monosaccharides

what are the monomers of carbohydrates?

provide energy and structure

what is the function of carbohydrates?

photosynthesis

how to plants produce glucose?

cellular respiration

through what process does the breakdown of carbohydrates occur?

fatty acids and glycerol

what are the building blocks of lipids?

no double bonds

what makes a fatty acid saturated?

one or more double bonds

what makes a fatty acids unsaturated?

dehydration synthesis

through what process are triglycerides formed?

long-term energy storage, cell membrane structure, water barrier, and various body functions

what are the functions of lipids?

lipogenesis

through what process does lipid synthesis occur?

lipolysis

through what proces does lipid breakdown occur?

nucleotides

what are the monomers of nucleic acids?

sugar molecules, phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base

what makes up a nucleic acid?

conveys genetic information of a cell

what is the function of DNA?

conveys genetic code of DNA to ribosomes to make proteins

what is the function of RNA?

DNA replication and transcription

through what process does DNA and RNA synthesis occur?

nucleases

what enzyme breaks down nucleotides?

amino acids

what are the monomer of proteins?

enzymes

speed up reactions

transport proteins

move molecules around

structural proteins

give shape and structure

hormones

chemical messengers within the body

translation

through what process does protein synthesis occur?

proteolysis

through what process does protein breakdown occur?

primary protein structure

linear sequence of amino acids

secondary protein structure

local folding of the polypeptide chain, including alpha-helices and beta-sheets, stabilized by hydrogen bonds

tertiary protein structure

overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide chain, determined by interactions between R groups

quaternary protein structure

arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains in a protein complex

temperature, pH, substrate concentration, enzyme concentration, and inhibitors

what factors influence enzyme function?

their specialized shape

what makes enzymes so good at controlling and regulating metabolic pathways?

enzyme structure

what determines an enzyme’s substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency?

lock and key

what model best describes enzyme binding?

lower activation energy

what do enzymes do in chemical reactions?

catalyst

a type of enzyme that increases the rate of the reaction without being consumed in the reaction

inhibitor

slows down a reaction; opposite of a catalyst

DNA to RNA to protein

what is the central dogma of biology?

phosphate group, deoxyribose sugar, and a nitrogenous base

what is each DNA nucleotide made of?

Chargaff’s rule

each nitrogenous base pairs exclusively with one other base

adenine

what base does thymine pair with?

guanine

what base does cytosine pair with?

gene

a particular section of DNA that encides for a particular trait

chromatin

the complex of proteins and DNA that will eventually form chromosomes

chromosomes

tightly coiled strands of DNA; largest unit of genetic information

DNA helicase unzips DNA strand; DNA polymerase adds complimentary bases in 5’ to 3’ direction, creating okazaki fragments; DNA ligase attaches new strands together

what is the basic process of DNA replication?

DNA replication

complex cellular process in which a DNA molecules is copied to create two identical DNA molecules

uracil instead of thymine

which nitrogenous base is different in DNA versus RNA?

blueprint for the genetic makeup of an organism

what is the function of DNA?

intermediate messenger between DNA and protein synthesis

what is the function of RNA?

ribose sugar

what sugar does RNA contain?

DNA

is DNA or RNA more stable?

nucleus

where is DNA found in the cell?

nucleus and cytoplasm

where is RNA found in the cell?

genes

specific segments of DNA that encode a particular protein or RNA molecule

alleles

different versions of a gene

chromosomes

structures within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that contain genetic information in the form of DNA

organized packaging and segregation of genetic material

what does the structure of chromosomes enable?

transcription

the process by which the information contained in a DNA strand is copied onto an mRNA molecules to be able to move out of the nucleus and into the cell’s ribosome for protein synthesis

transcription factors bind to promoter region; RNA polymerase binds to TFs and unzips DNA strand; RNA polymerase attaches complimentary RNA ribonucleotides ; transcription stops when RNA pol. reaches stop codon

what are the four steps of transcription?

eukaryotic

in what types of cells does pre-mRNA processing occur?

capping, splicing, and polyadenylation

what are the three forms of pre-mRNA processing?