4.2 THE NUCLEUS AND DNA

genome

the full set of genetic instruction of an organism

nucleus

the ___ is the is the largest and most prominent of a cell’s organelles

nucleus

the ____ stores the most of the genetic instruction and is therefore essential in cells that will reproduce themselves

red blood cells

the ____ blood cells do not contain a nucleus

nuclear pores

___is the tiny passageway for the passage of protein, RNA, and solutes between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

nucleolus

the ___ is the region of the nucleus that is responsible for manufacturing the RNA necessary for the construction of ribosomes

deoxyribonucleic acid

the vast collection of the genetic instructions that are built and maintain every molecule of every cells is coded in the ___

histone

when not in the process of duplicating, the cells store their DNA wrapped around a set of ____

nucleosome

term used to describe a single, wrapped DNA-histone complex

chromatin

form of loosely organized DNA

chromosome

____is the condensed form of DNA

gene

____is a segment of DNA

messenger RNA

a single-stranded nucleic acid that carries a copy of the genetic code for a single gene out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm

transcription

gene expression begins with a process called ___

initiation, elongation, termination

the 3 processes of transcription

elongation

____ is the transcription process in which the RNA polymerase adds a new nucleotides to a growing strand of RNA

initiation

transcription process wherein the two complementary strands of DNA separated and RNA polymerase begins to synthesize a complementary RNA molecule

termination

___is the translation process wherein the RNA polymerase reaches the end of the gene and the polymerase and the gene and mRNA transcript are released in the DNA strand

splicing

___removes the noncoding regions from the pre-mRNA transcript to create the mature mRNA molecule

translation

____ is the process of synthesizing a chain of amino acid called polypeptide

polypeptide

a chain of amino acid is called a ___

cytoplasm

translation occur in the ___

tRNA

this type of RNA carries the amino acids to the ribosome, and attaches each new amino acid to the last, building the polypeptide chain one by one

initiation

stage of translation when the ribosomes assemble around the mRNA transcript

somatic cells

the general term for body cells

germ cells

the cells that produce egg and sperm cell is called ___

cell cycle

___is the sequence of events in the life of the cell from the moment it is created at the end of a previous cycle of cell division until it divides itself, generating two new cells

interphase

___is the period of the cell cycle during which the cell is not replicating

mitosis

__is the division of the genetic material, during in which the nucleus breaks don and two new ,fully functional, nuclei are formed

cytokinesis

___ divide the cytoplasm into two distinct cells

meiosis

___ is the process in which the germ cells, which hive rise to the egg and sperm cells reproduction

gap 1 phase

___is the phase where the cells are growing, make proteins, and carrying out the functions of the cells

gap 2 phase

___is the phase where the cell continue to grow and makes the necessary preparations for mitosis

DNA replication

___is the copying of DNA that occurs during S phase

sister chromatid

for every chromosome, a replicated copy is called ___

centromere

Sister chromatid is bound to the other copy known as the ___

mitotic phase

the phase where cells include both mitosis and cytokinesis

prophase

the first stage of cell division where the chromatids condenses into chromosomes

metaphase

the second stage of cell division where the sister chromatids attached to the microtubules of the mitotic spindle are pulled into the line along the middle of the cell

anaphase

In this phase, pairs of sister chromatids are separated from one another

telophase

last stage of cell division where the two nuclear membrane begin to form at either end of the dividing cell, enclosing the chromosomes

cleavage furrow

the contractile band made up of microfilaments that forms around the middle of the cell during cytokinesis

stem cell

___is an unspecialized cell that can replicate at many times as needed and can, under specific condition, differentiate into specialized cells

Henrietta Lacks

The Mother of Medicine

differentiation

the process by which unspecialized cell becomes specialized to carry out distinct functions