Immune System Overview

The thymus ________ (increases, decreases, no change) to __% newborn

decreases; 5%

T/F: with aging very few naive T cells are produced in the thymus or circulate in the body

true

with aging very few _______ are produced in the thymus or circulate in the body

naive T cells

memory cells respond _______ (faster, slower, the same)

slower

what increases and what decreases in production? Answer for: IL2, IL4, IL6, and IL10

IL2: decreases
IL4: decreases

IL6: increases

IL10: increases

what interleukins are associated with disability

IL6 and IL10

in aging autoimmune response we have _________ (increased, decreased, no change) anti-idiotypic antibodies

increased

lymphoid tissue ________ (increases, decreases, no change) with age

decreases

T/F: we have a decreased autoimmune response as we age

false, we have an increased autoimmune response/disease

aged T cells do not display ____

CD 28

__________ (increased, decreased, no change in) calcium causes T cells to remain __________

decreased; quiescent (this means dormant)

aging causes ________ (increased, decreased, no change in) T helper cells

decreased

aging causes ________ (increased, decreased, no change in) B cell activation

decreased

we have decreased T helper cells and decreased _____ activation with aging

B cell

with aging we have _______ (increased, decreased, no change in) cell mediated cytotoxicity

decreased

decreased cell mediated __________

cytotoxicity

antibody production to foreign antigens ________ (decreases, increases, has no change)

decreases

________ production to fight foreign antigens decreases

antibody

with aging we have a ________ (increased, decreased, no change) response to vaccinations

decreased

slower clearance of _______ from the body

antigens

_______ (faster, slower, no change in) clearance of antigens from the body

slower

T/F: aging of the immune system is a good indication of aging of the body

true

T/F: aging of the immune system causes development of diseases, infelction, and illness

true

This mineral decreases as one ages and is thus unable to play the important role of managing signal transduction, enzyme stimulation and cytokine production in the extracellular T cell antibody reaction

calcium

As one ages, this organ, whose primary role is the production of Tcells, shrinks to approximately 5% of the size of that of an infant and indicates significantly decreased immune system function

thymus

Two catabolic cytokines which increase the risk for disease, deterioration and disability as one ages are as follows

IL6 and IL10

As one ages, cellular immunity aging is expressed by the following

decreased number of naive T cells

Aging factors in the immune system response include all of the following except

increased production of antibodies to foreign antigens

Viral infections, such as that of the common cold, affect the aged population differently than the younger population, with all of the following present except

rapid clearance of the virus

Normal aging of the immune system includes all of the following except

decline in autoimmune response

Vaccination in the elderly is often hampered by this

slowed and weakened response to vaccines

All components of the immune system's response plan of action are slowed as the immune system ages. The slowing components include all of the following except

resistance

This symptom which is typically present in the younger adult with an infection may not always be a presenting sign of an infection in the elderly

fever

types of T cells

helper, killer, regulatory

type of cell such as a neutrophil that ingests and kills invading organisms

phagocytes

________ is less than 5% the size of newborns in older adults

thymus

this type of immunity involves physical barriers and bloodborne phagocytes and neutrophils; we are born with it

innate immunity

mucous membranes, cornea, urinary sphincter, epiglottis are all examples of what

the first barrier

antigen examples

bacteria, fungi, cancer cells, parasites, transplanted organs

_____ plays a role in organ transplantation

HLA/MHC

_______ of the immune system correlates closely with the development of disease

senescence (deterioration)

This mineral supports cytokine production and regulates helper T cell activity

zinc

Antioxidant which protects lymphocytes against destructive free radicals

vitamin E

__________ induces cell proliferation and supports long term growth of T cells

IL2

what 3 diseases have heavily increased risk in older adults

CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia), TB, Shingles

________ react against “self” antigens

autoantibodies

phagocytes and inflammation mediated response are a part of the _______ barrier

s

Cell more prevalent in the young than in the elderly, has not been changed to memory cell

naive T cells

__________ is necessary for intracellular chemical processes such as signal transduction and enzyme stimulation

calcium

Antigen on cell surface which helps in activation of T lymphocytes

CD 69

First antibody in response to initial exposure to antigen

IgM

Antibodies which attack other antibodies

anti-idiotypic

Stimulates production of autobodies in patients with autoimmune disease

IL10

most important cell in immune system

T cell

________ is needed for signal transduction for extracellular recognition of antigen

calcium

calcium is needed for _____________ for extracellular recognition of an antigen

signal transduction

_______ boosts the immune system

exercise

T/F: signs of infection in an elderly adult usually includes high fever

false, it may not include fever at all

_____ supports T cell proliferation and long term growth, decreasing with age

IL2

IL2 supports ____________ and long term growth

T cell proliferation

____ is predictive of inflammation and increases disabiility

IL6

IL6 is predictive of _____________

inflammation