History of Microbiology

Hansen

1874

Leprosy bacillus

Neisser

1879

Gonococcus

Ogston

1881

Staphylococcus

Loeffler

1884

Diphtheria bacillus

Roux and Yersin

Diphtheria toxin

Beijernick

1898

Coined the term virus for filterable infectious agents

Pasteur

Developed rabies vaccine

Good Pasteur

Cultivation of viruses on chick embryos

Charles Chamberland

One of Pasteur’s associates constructed a porcelain bacterial filter

Twort and d’Herelle

Bacteriophages

Edward Jenner

Vaccination for smallpox

Von behring

1901

Dipth antitox

Roland Ross

1902

Malaria

Robert Koch

1905

Tb

Metchnikoff

1908

Phagocytosis

Flemming

1945

Penicillin

Watson, Crick

1962

DNA Structure

Holley, Khorana

1968

Genetic code

Pruisner

1997

Prions

Brenner, Hervitz

2002

Genetic regulation of organ development and cell death

Aristotle

Spontaneous Generation

Robert Hooke

1678

Developed compound microscope

1st to coin “cell”

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Animalcules

Francesco Redi

Experiment on Flies

John Needham

Spontaneous Generation in decaying broth

Lazzaro Spallanzani

Microbes come from the air and boiling will kill them

Louis Pasteur

Father of Medical Microbiology

No growth took place in swan neck-shaped tubes

Mild heating at 62.8 degree Celsius or 145 degrees Fahrenheit for 30 mins.

Invented pasteurization, fermentation, and development of vaccines (rabies and anthrax)

Demonstrated diseases of silkworm due to a protozoan parasite

Coined the term “microbiology”, aerobic, anaerobic

Disproved spontaneous generation theory

Demonstrated that anthrax was caused by bacteria and also produce vaccine for the disease

Developed live attenuated vaccine for the disease

John TyndalL

Intermittent heating to kill spores

Lord Joseph Lister

Father of antiseptic surgery

wound infections due to microorganisms

Spraying fine mist of carbolic acid into air

Robert Koch

Father of Bacteriology

Demonstrated role of bacteria in causing disease

Technique of isolating bacteria in pure culture

Introduced methods of isolation in pure culture

Staining techniques

Discovered Anthrax bacillus (1976), Tubercle bacillus (1882), and Cholera vibrios (1883)

Koch’s Postulates

1. Suspected pathogenic organism should be present in all cases of the disease

2. The suspected organism should be grown in pure culture.

3. Pure culture should cause disease in a healthy animal

4. Organism should be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

Holmes

US

Death following childbirth (puerperal fever) caused by the material on the hands of midwives

Semmelweis

Austria

Death rates higher in maternity wards staffed by medical students than in those attended by midwives

Dr. John Snow

Mapping of Cholera

Florence Nightingale and Nursing

Treated soldiers from Crimean War

Edward Jenner

1st to prevent small pox

Discovered the technique of vaccination

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin from Penicillium notatum that destroy several pathogenic bacteria

Paul Erlich

Father of Chemotherapy

Applied stains to cells and tissues for study of their functions

Reported acid-fast nature of Tubercle bacillus

Discovered Salvarsan (derivative of arsenic) “Magic bullete” - syphilis

Chemotherapy

Basic Microbiology

Where fundamental nature and properties of microorganisms are studied

Applied microbiology

Where information learned is employed to control and use microorganisms in beneficial ways

Morphological Charateristics

Shape, size, chemical composition, and functions

Physiological charateristics

Specific nutritional requirements and physical conditions needed for growth and reproduction

Biochemical activities

How microbe breakdowns nutrients to obtain energy for the r synthesis cellular components

Genetic characteristics

Inheritance and variability of the characteristic

Disease

Causing potential-study of host resistance to infection

Ecological characteristics

Occurrence in the environment and their relationships with other organisms

Ubiquitous

Virtually everywhere

Omnipresent

Nearly everywhere in Nature

Cyanobacteria/ algae

Producers of oxygen

Saprophytes/ decomposers

Dead or decaying materials

Indigenous bacteria

Living in our bodies

Bioremediation

Decomposers of industrial waste

Phytoplankton/ Zooplankton

Food for tiny animals

Biotechnology

Food and drinks

Genetic engineering

Laboratory

Agriculture

Animal husbandry

Energy/ Environment

Biofuels

Disease

Identify new disease, treatment, cure, and prevention

Food preservation

Heat, cold, radiation, chemicals

Food additives

Monosodium glutamate, citric acid, yeast

Biotechnology

Genetically modified organisms

Varo and Columella

1st Century BCE

1st person assumed that diseases are cause by tiny species