History Grade 10 Review

What were the alliances in WW1?

Triple Alliance (central powers) and Triple Entente

Who was in the Triple Alliance?

Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy (italy changes sides in 1915)

Who was the Triple Entente?

Britain, France, Russia

What were the Direct and Indirect Causes of WW1?

Militarism, Alliances, Nationalism, Imperialism (Colonialism), Assassination

Militarism

The belief in building up strong armed forces to prepare for war. Nations competed to have the biggest and most powerful military.

Alliances

Agreements between countries to protect and support one another. Two major alliance systems formed: the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance.

Nationalism

Strong pride in one's nation or ethnic group. This often caused intense competition and conflict between nations or peoples.

Imperialism

The policy of seeking to extend a country's power, influence, or territory by peace or by force. (Colonialism)

Assassination

The spark that ignited the war: the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary in 1914 by a Serbian nationalist.

Franz Ferninand

Archduke of Austria-Hungary in 1914

Robert Borden

He was the Prime Minister during WW1 and introduced the income tax to help pay for the war (which still exists today)

Sam Hughes

Sam Hughes was Canada's Minister of Militia and Defence during World War I, known for his energetic but controversial leadership

Black Hand

The Black Hand was a secret group that planned to unite South Slavic people and was involved in killing Archduke Franz Ferdinand

War Measures Act (1914)

The War Measures Act was a law that gave the Canadian government special powers during times of war or emergency. It allowed them to make quick decisions, control the economy, limit people's rights, and arrest or move people without a trial — all to protect the country during danger.

How did PM Borden and M.O.M Sam Hughes prepare Canada to participate (& contribute) to WW1?

They Introduced the War Measures Act and Conscription

No Mans Land

Area between trenches

Trench Foot

rotting flesh of foot (inflamation)

Shell Shock

soldiers suffering from a nervous breakdown and may be unable to fight

Over the Top

described when soldiers left their trenches and ran into No Man's Land to attack the enemy's trenches.

Artillery Barrage

An artillery barrage was a military tactic where large, powerful guns (called artillery) fired many explosive shells at the enemy's position all at once or nonstop.

Ypres

The first battle where Germans used poison gas; Canadian soldiers held their ground despite horrific conditions. (1915)

What are the 4 major battles of WW1?

Passchendaele

Vimy Ridge

Somme

Second battle of Ypres

The Somme

(1916) One of the bloodiest battles of the war; over 1 million casualties, with little land gained. Canadians fought bravely.

Vimy Ridge

(1917) A major Canadian victory; all four divisions fought together and captured the ridge using a well-planned attack.

Passchendaele

(1917) Famous for its muddy, flooded trenches; Canadians captured the village but at a high cost of lives. Also Known as the Muddy Nightmare

Ross Rifle

A Canadian-made rifle used in WWI. It was very accurate for sharpshooting but jammed easily in trench conditions, making it unreliable in battle.

Machine Guns

Could fire hundreds of rounds per minute; made trench assaults deadly and prolonged stalemates.

Poison Gas

Introduced at Ypres by Germans (e.g., chlorine gas); caused blindness, burns, and death by suffocation.

Tanks

Used to cross trenches and barbed wire; early models were slow and unreliable but improved over the war.

Artillery

Heavy guns that launched shells from far behind the front; caused most WWI deaths; used for "barrage" attacks.

Submarines (U-Boats)

German U-boats targeted Allied ships, including civilian ones like the Lusitania, increasing support for the war.

Airplanes (ww1)

Used first for spying (reconnaissance), later for air combat and bombing; a new form of warfare.

Arthur Currie

First Canadian-appointed general during WWI. He led Canadian troops to major victories, including at Vimy Ridge, and emphasized careful planning to reduce casualties.

Nellie McClung

fought for women's right to vote and helped make Canada more equal for women.

Rhineland

An area in western Germany that was important during both World War I and World War II. After World War I, it was demilitarized, but during World War II, German troops moved back into it.

Propoganda

Information spread to influence public opinion, often used during WWI to boost morale, recruit soldiers, and encourage support for the war (like buying Victory Bonds).

Victory Bonds

A way for citizens to lend money to the government to help fund the war effort during WWI. They were promoted through propaganda and promised repayment with interest.

Conscription

A law requiring men to join the military. In WWI, Canada introduced conscription in 1917 when voluntary enlistment decreased, leading to the Conscription Crisis due to opposition, especially in Quebec.

Military Voters Act (1917)

This law allowed all Canadian soldiers (including nurses) serving overseas to vote in the 1917 federal election, even if they were not from a riding. It helped the government gain support for conscription.

Military Service Act (1917)

A law that made conscription (mandatory military service) legal in Canada during WWI. It was introduced by Prime Minister Borden due to low volunteer numbers.

How did Canadians fight the war on the homefront?

reducing food consumption, recruiting children to work for the effort, producing more food

Bluebirds

Nickname for Canadian military nurses in WWI. They served close to the front lines, caring for wounded soldiers in dangerous conditions.

Convoy System

A method of protecting ships crossing the Atlantic by grouping them together and escorting them with armed naval vessels to guard against German U-boat attacks.

Contribution of Women - War Front

Women served as nurses (e.g., Bluebirds), ambulance drivers, and support staff near the battlefields, risking their lives to care for soldiers.

Contribution of Women - Home Front

Women worked in factories (munition plants), farms, offices, and took over jobs left by men. They also organized fundraisers, rationed goods, and supported the war effort from Canada.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

The peace treaty that officially ended WWI. It imposed harsh penalties on Germany including loss of land, military restrictions, and reparations.

War Guilt Clause

It blamed Germany for causing WWI and made them accept full responsibility for the war, leading to resentment and future tensions.

Roaring Twenties

A peace-time period in the 1920s known for economic growth, cultural change, jazz music, and social freedom following WWI.

Suffrage / Suffragist

Suffrage is the right to vote. Suffragists were people, especially women, who fought to gain voting rights in Canada.

Canadian Women in the 1920s

Women gained more rights, entered the workforce, became more independent, and challenged social norms (e.g., flappers).

Person's Case (1929)

A legal case where five Alberta women successfully fought to have women legally recognized as "persons" under Canadian law.

The Famous Five

Nellie McClung

Emily Murphy

Henrietta Muir Edwards

Irene Parlby

Louise McKinney

Flappers

Flappers were young women in the 1920s who broke traditional norms.They wore short dresses, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and were more open about dating, drinking, and dancing.They symbolized freedom and change in the way women lived and expressed themselves.

Mary Pickford

A Canadian-born silent film actress who became a Hollywood star and a symbol of female success in entertainment.

Mackenzie King

Prime Minister during the 1920s. His leadership influenced Canada's growing independence and post-war recovery.

Frederick Banting

A Canadian scientist who co-discovered insulin in 1921, saving millions of lives and winning the Nobel Prize.

Joseph Bombardier

Invented the snowmobile in the 1920s and contributed to Canada's transportation industry and winter mobility.

1920s Technology & Identity

New inventions (radio, cars, snowmobiles, insulin), mass entertainment, Canadian identity and economy. love for hockey

Prohibition Movement in Canada during WW1

A ban on alcohol to improve morals and save grain for the war.

Started around 1916, many provinces passed laws.

Supported by temperance groups and linked to women's suffrage.

Led to illegal bootlegging.

Mostly ended by the 1920s.

Group of Seven

Canadian artists who created landscapes to express national identity in the 1920s.

Ford Model T

Made cars affordable, changing Canadian transportation and lifestyle. due to assembly lines

Talkies & Silent Movies

Transition from silent films to "talkies" in the 1920s changed entertainment.

Americanization of Canada

Increased US cultural and economic influence through trade, entertainment, and branch plants.

Foster Hewitt

Famous Canadian hockey broadcaster, helped popularize hockey on radio.

NFB & CBC

National Film Board and Canadian Broadcasting Corporation promoted Canadian culture and identity.

Ted Rogers

a Canadian radio and communications pioneer who helped grow Canadian broadcasting.

Branch plants

factories or offices set up by American companies in Canada, increasing US economic influence.

Indian Act

A law controlling many aspects of Indigenous life, aiming to assimilate Indigenous peoples into Canadian society.

Residential Schools

Government-run schools that forced Indigenous children to abandon their culture and language.

Duncan Campbell Scott

Canadian official who promoted assimilation policies and expansion of residential schools.

Stock Market Crash (Black Tuesday)

October 29, 1929 - The direct cause of the Great Depression when stock prices suddenly collapsed.

Dirty Thirties

Nickname for the 1930s, especially in the Prairies, marked by drought, dust storms, and severe hardship.

Relief Vouchers

Coupons given to unemployed Canadians during the Depression to buy essentials.

Causes of the Great Depression (Long-term)

Overproduction, high tariffs, uneven wealth, and weak banks.

R.B. Bennett

Prime Minister during early Depression; introduced a "New Deal" to combat economic crisis.

The New Deal (Canada)

Programs by Bennett to create jobs and provide relief, inspired by US reforms.

Bennett Buggy

Car with engine removed, pulled by horses because owners couldn't afford gas during Depression.

Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)

New political party formed during the Depression advocating social reform; later became NDP.

Social Credit Party

Depression-era party promising "social credit" payments to help people spend more.

Riding the Rails/Rods

Homeless men traveling by freight trains searching for work during the Depression.

On-to-Ottawa Trek

1935 Protest by unemployed men from relief camps demanding better conditions; led to Regina Riot.

Effects of Depression on Canadians (Prairies/West)

Severe drought, crop failures, and widespread poverty.

Statute of Westminster

(1931) Gave Canada legal independence from Britain, allowing it to control its own laws.

Relief Camps

Government work camps for unemployed men during the Depression, offering low pay and harsh conditions.

Regina Riot

Violent clash in 1935 between police and protesters from the On-to-Ottawa Trek in Regina.

Inflation

When prices rise and money loses value, making goods more expensive.

William Lyon Mackenzie King

Canada's Prime Minister during much of the Depression who favored cautious government action.

Canadian PM

Robert Borden (1911-1920) — Led Canada through WW1.

Arthur Meighen (1920-1921, 1926) — Served two short terms.