Information Technology Class-XII Practice Flashcards

Collection of vocabulary flashcards covering computer networking, internet applications, network security, programming fundamentals, and RDBMS concepts based on the Odisha Higher Secondary Information Technology Class-XII textbook.

Computer Network

A collection of interconnected computers and other hardware devices linked together through communication channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing.

Nodes

The individual computers and peripheral devices, such as printers or scanners, that are connected to a network.

Protocols

The set of rules governing the exchange of data or procedures between electronic devices across a single or series of interconnected networks.

Network Topology

The layout pattern of the interconnections between computers in a network, also referred to as network architecture.

Personal Area Network (PAN)

A computer network organized around an individual person within a single building, covering an area up to approximately $10\,m$ radius.

Local Area Network (LAN)

A network of computing devices located in a room, building, or campus, usually owned and managed by a single person or organization.

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A network across an entire city, college campus, or small region, often used to connect several LANs together.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A network of devices crossing the limits of a city, country, or continent, covering areas over hundreds of kilometers.

Analog Transmission

A type of transmission where the signal voltage varies sinusoidally with time, often used through telephone lines.

Digital Transmission

A type of transmission where the signal voltage is sent as pulses of fixed amplitude representing data in binary format.

Simplex Mode

A unidirectional communication mode where data travels only in one direction, such as television broadcasting.

Half-Duplex Mode

A communication mode where data can travel in both directions but only one at a time, such as a walkie-talkie.

Full-Duplex Mode

A communication mode where data can be sent in both directions simultaneously, such as a telephone network.

Twisted Pair Cables

A pair of insulated copper wires twisted over each other in a spiral pattern to help reduce noise and crosstalk.

Co-axial Cables

Cables consisting of an inner copper wire surrounded by a woven braided metal shield which shares a common central axis.

Optic-fibre Cable

A thin, transparent strand made of glass or plastic that transmits light pulses via the principle of total internal reflection.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

A hardware device installed on the motherboard of a computer responsible for developing physical contact with network devices.

Hub

A network device that connects several nodes and redirects received information to all connected nodes using broadcast mode.

Switch

An intelligent hub that sends information selectively only to the intended computer by using the MAC address.

Repeater

A device used to regenerate and re-strengthen data signals that have become weak during transmission over long distances.

Gateway

A device or software application that translates data from one format to another when connecting incompatible networks using different hardware and software.

Internet Backbone

Principal high-speed data routes between large, strategically interconnected networks and core routers on the Internet.

Internet Service Provider (ISP)

Commercial entities that provide consumers and businesses with access to the Internet using various technologies.

MAC Address

A permanent 12-digit hexadecimal number assigned to a Network Interface Card by its manufacturer to uniquely identify a machine.

IP Address

A unique identifying 32-bit number (for IPv4) assigned to every machine in a network, typically written in dotted decimal format.

Domain Name System (DNS)

A system that assigns human-readable names to computers and maintains a database to convert these names into numeric IP addresses.

Universal Resource Locator (URL)

A unique address for a resource on the web, composed of a protocol, domain name, port, path, query, and fragment.

Web page

A document reachable through a URL that can be displayed in a web browser and is typically written in HTML.

Website

A collection of linked web pages and associated resources that share a unique domain name.

Web server

A computer hosting one or more websites and delivering web pages to users as per their requests.

Search Engine

A special kind of website that helps users find web pages from other websites through crawling, indexing, and searching.

Web Browser

A software application used to locate, retrieve, and display content on the World Wide Web, such as Firefox or Google Chrome.

Cyber Crime

An unlawful act wherein the computer is either a tool, a target, or both, such as hacking or online fraud.

Hacking

The act of breaking into a computer or network, often using computer programs to destroy data or for personal monetary gain.

Computer Virus

Maliciously written code that replicates itself by infecting programs or boot sectors and requires human interaction to spread.

Worm

A malicious program designed to copy itself from one computer to another automatically, often over an e-mail system, without human action.

Trojan Horse

A malicious program disguised as a normal application that does not replicate but can allow 'back door' access to hackers.

Cookies

Small text files, up to $4\,kb$ in size, that web servers pass to a browser to track website activity or store user preferences.

Denial of Service (DoS)

An attack where a computer resource is flooded with more requests than it can handle, making it unavailable to legitimate users.

Phishing

Fraudulent unsolicited emails requesting users to enter personal information like passwords into a fraudulent replica of a legitimate website.

Encryption

A security method in which information is encoded into a cipher-text that only authorized users can read using a cryptographic key.

Firewall

A hardware or software configuration located between an internal and external network that protects against unwanted intrusion.

Digital Signature

A way to ensure an electronic document is authentic and has not been altered since it was signed by a trusted person.

Class

An object-oriented programming unit used to encapsulate data members and methods together.

Object

An instance of a class that is capable of holding actual data in memory locations.

Inheritance

The process by which one class acquires the properties and characteristics of an existing class.

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)

An Application Programming Interface (API) that allows Java programs to connect to databases for querying and updating data.

Database

An organized collection of information arranged in a well-defined tabular form.

DBMS (Database Management System)

Software used to manage, organize, and retrieve information from databases.

Primary Key

A group of one or more columns used to uniquely identify each row of a relation.

Foreign Key

A column in a table used to ensure referential integrity by referencing the primary key of another table.

Database Transaction

A unit of work that must be completed successfully as a group or not done at all to ensure data consistency.

E-Business

The term used to describe information systems and applications that drive business processes using web technologies.

E-Commerce

The buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet or other computer networks.

SaaS (Software as a Service)

A cloud-based delivery model where an application is hosted by a provider and paid for on a subscription basis.

Front-end Interface

An application layer where a user interacts directly with a system to issue queries or input data.

Back-end Database

An external database accessed by users indirectly through a front-end application to perform data storage and manipulation.

Graphical User Interface (GUI)

An interface that allows humans to interact with computers using objects like icons and menus rather than textual commands.