ASLP 3030 Exam 2 Study Materials: Comprehensive Overview of Respiration (Parts 1 & 2)

-Energy source

-a body capable of vibration

a transmitting medium

What are the three necessary components for the production of sound?

respiration

process by which organisms exchange gases with their environment, particularly oxygen intake and carbon dioxide. release

supply oxygen to the body

primary role of respiration

produce speech

secondary role of respiration

-nasal cavity

-oral cavity

-pharynx/throat

-larynx

the upper airway is comprised of which 4 main structures?

-oropharynx

-nasopharynx

-laryngopharynx

the pharynx is divided into which three sections?

-trachea

-bronchi

-lungs

The lower airway is comprised of which 3 main structures?

3

how many hierarchies of bronchi are there?

trachea

what is also called the windpipe

lungs

spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the thorax

the lungs

what is housed within the rib cage and protected by the sternum

pleura

double-layered membrane that encases the lungs

pleura

what allows for smooth lung movement during breathing

alveoli

site where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

gas exchange

what is the main function of the lungs

diaphragm

primary muscle for breathing

intercostal muscles

which muscles help lower the rib cage during respiration

the intercostals

which muscles are located between the ribs

diaphragm, intercostals

____________ and ___________ muscles work together to create pressure changes in the chest

pressure

Respiration is when air is moved in and out of the lungs by increasing and decreasing __________ inside the lungs

negative alveolar pressure (Palv)

air from the atmosphere is forced to enter respiratory system

inhalation

negative Palv occurs for...

positive alveolar pressure (Palv)

air from inside of the lungs is forces out of the respiratory system

exhalation

positive Palv occurs for...

Bernoulli's pressure

air flows from high pressure to low pressure

F velocity component is ignored for now

T/F in Bernoulli's principle, velocity is important

Boyle's law

as pressure increases, volume decreases

negative

To bring air into the lungs, the Palv must become ________, so that air will be. forced to flow into the respiratory system

volume

in inhalation, the __________ of the thoracic cavity and lungs must be enlarged to decrease Palv

inhalation

diaphragm contraction, flattening and increasing the ventricle dimension of the thorax happens during...

inhalation

pulling the rib cage from the intercostals up and outward to increase the dimensions of the thorax happens during...

decrease

As the lungs begin to ______ in volume, the Palv falls below P atmosphere. This allows air from the lungs to flow into the atmosphere

F Palv=Patmos

T/F the end of each inhalation and exhalation and exhalation, the Palv < Patmos

infants

40-70 BPM

Adults

12-18 BPM

lung volume

The amount of air in the lungs at a given point during the respiratory cycle

lung capacity

the maximum amount of air that the lungs can hold

Tidal Volume

volume of air in inhaled and exhaled during a cycle of respiration

tidal volume

the amount of air inhaled/exhaled during quiet breathing

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

volume of air that can be inhaled above tidal volume

expiratory volume

volume of air. that can be exhaled below tidal volume

residual volume

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration and that cannot be voluntarily expelled

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

what represents a deep breath

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

what represents releasing a deep breath

T

T/F the lungs always contain a bit of air

Vital capacity

volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

IRV+TV+ERV= Vital Capacity

Formula for Vital Capacity

Functional residual capacity

volume of air remaining in the lungs and airways at the end-expiratory level

ERV+RV= Functional Residual Capacity

Formula for Functional Residual Capacity

total lung capacity

total amount of air the lungs can hold

TV+IRV+ERV+RV=total lung capacity

Formula for total lung capacity

inspiratory capacity

maximum volume of air that can be inspired from end-expiratory level

TV+IRV= Inspiratory Capacity

Formula for Inspiratory capacity

residual volume

what is known as dead air

quiet breathing, speech breathing

Two types of breathing

quiet breathing

what is considered breathing for life

-Location of air intake

-ratio of time for inhalation/exhalation

-muscle activity for exhalation

-volume of air inhaled per cycle

- chest wall shape

What are the five major changes when switching between quiet and speech breathing

40, 60

for quiet breathing, inhalation is ____% of the cycle, exhalation is _____% of the cycle

2

for quiet breathing, exhalation is approximately _____ seconds

speech breathing

which type of speech is more voluntary

10%

percent of Vital Capacity for Life Breathing

life

When the abdomen is displaced outward relative to the ribcage, _______ breathing is occurring

F speech breathing utilizes more muscles across the body

T/F quiet breathing utilizes more muscles across the body

10,90

during speech breathing, inhalation is ____% of the cycle, and exhalation is ____% of the cycle

20-25

during speech breathing, exhalation is about _______ seconds

20%

percent of Vital Capacity for Speech Breathing

35%

percent of Vital Capacity for Child Speech Breathing

speech

When the abdomen is displaced inward relative to rib cage, ________ breathing is occuring

F smaller lungs and thoracic cavities mean SMALLER vital capacities

T/F smaller lungs and thoracic cavities mean larger vital capacities

higher

Children use __________ percentage of lung capacity for speech (higher/lower/

more, less

Children use _______ effort and are ________ efficient at producing speech

60-70

Respiratory differences begin. around ages...

older adults

who inhales more deeply to higher lung volumes

older adults

who uses more air per syllable

more, less

older adults inhale _________ often and are _____ efficient

spirometer

a medical device that measures how much air a person can breathe in and out, and how long it takes to exhale completely after inhaling deeply

dyspnea

subjectively perceived as discomfort in breathing

stridor

audible sound that occurs during inspiration and/or expiration

Parkinson's disease

often characterized by softer speech, faster rates

increasing, voiceless, vowels

targets for parkinson's include _________ respiratory effort, sustaining _____ sounds, sustaining _______, and using breath efficiently

/s f/

Which phonemes are typical targets for Parkinson's patients?

Cerebellar disease/injury

characterized by fluctuating pitch and loudness, inability to make fine adjustments to fundamental frequency and intensity

Cerebellar disease/injury

sounds like slow rate, monotone/robotic speech

cerebral palsy

often characterized by irregular and uncontrolled breathing

cerebral palsy

sounds like irregular rate, rhythm, and depth of tidal breathing

Cerebral Palsy

therapies for ______________ may include muscle-coordination, vocal loudness, working on pausing at linguistically appropriate places