Psychology Chapter 6 & 7 - Physical, Cognitive, Social & Emotional

Early Childhood

The period between 2.5 and 6; typically begins as toddlers develop language and movement skills and ends as they develop more absract thinking and independent language skills. Typically the start of formal schooling.

Prefrontal Cortex

Area at the front of the brain beneath the forehead that is critical to logical thinking and controlling behavior

Preoperational Thought

The second stage in children’s cognitive development spanning ages 2 to 7, in which young children are capable of symbolic, but not quite logical, thought

Animism

The tendency to describe nonliving things as if they are alive and have human feelings or motives

Conservation Tasks

PIAGET; Tasks that measure how preschoolers’ logical thinking develops | Ex. Is there the same amount of water if you transfer water from a tall glass to a flat glass?

Egocentrism

Children’s inability to see world from other people’s perspective

Scaffolding

VYGOTSKY; Vygotsky’s term for teaching that engages children by considering their interests and individual abilities

Zone of Proximal Develpment (ZPD)

Term for the range of what students can learn with adult help.

Private Speech

VYGOTSKY; Vygotsky’s term for the language children use when they talk to themselves

Episodic Memory

long-term memory for specific events

Working Memory

A type of short-term memory that’s essential to learning and problem-solving; memory formulating/happening right now

Executive Function

Group of thinking skills that allows you to control your behavior, suppress impulsive actions and implement long-term plans

Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD)

Disorder where children have high energy levels and problems with focusing or controlling themselves that interfere with school/home life

Theory of Mind

The ability to understand that other people have diff beliefs, ideas, and desires

Intrinsic Motivation

Drive to do something because it is rewarding on its own and not for a legitimate reward

Extrinsic Motivation

Drive to do something in hope of a reward

Language Acquisition Device

CHOMSKY; Chomsky’s hypothetical tool in the brain helps children quickly learn and understand language; nativist idea that language is embedded in the child

Parallel Play

When children play physically close together but are not working on a shared project

Cooperative Play

Children play together on a joint project

Functional Play

Play that has a goal or achievement orientation such as art, puzzles, rule-based games, and physical skills such as hopping, climbing, etc.

Sociodramatic Play

Play that involves pretending to be something you are not and requires symbolic thought and theory of mind (ex. roleplay)

Rough-and-Tumble Play

Physically active play where children chase, play, fight, and wrestle

Relationally Aggressive

Using words and relationships to hurt another person socially or emotionally

Reactive Aggression

A hostile action out of frustration or anger in an immediate reaction to something that has just happened

Proactive Aggression/Instrumental Aggression

Aggression that is planned and executed on purpose to gain personal advantage

Initiative vs. Guilt

ERIKSON; 3rd stage of development, which occurs between ages 3-5 and involves the conflict between children’s enthusiasm to try new things independently and their remorse when they get things wrong.

Psychological Disorders

A pattern of feelings, thinking, or behaviors that causes distress and makes it difficult to function.

Parenting Styles

Dimensional descriptions of caregiving relationships during childhood

Authoritative Parenting

Type of parenting associated with confident and successful children; caregivers have high expectations for their children’s behavior but are also warm and communicative.

Authoritarian Parenting

Type of parenting with high expectations but very little warmth; these parents make rules and expect their children to abide by them. (authoritariaN - ‘N’ for negative)

Permissive Parenting

Caregiving without rules. Permissive parents have low expectations for children’s behavior but a high degree of affection.

Neglectful Parenting

Parenting without warmth or expectations; children from neglectful families are at high risk for emotional and behavioral difficulties as they grow up.

Discipline

Caregiving practices or strategies used to teach children how to behave by setting rules, encouraging good behavior, and discouraging missteps.

Power-assertive Techiniques

Disciplinary strategies that rely on parents’ control

Inductive Reasoning

Disciplinary approach that relies on motivating children to change their behavior through talk.

Maltreatment

The general term used by scholars to describe the many types of abuse and neglect of children by adults who are responsible for them.

Abuse

The legal term used to describe the most serious types of harm to children, which can be physical, emotional, sexual, or neglectful.