Exam 1 Chapter 3: Bacterial Cell Structure

categories of bacterial shapes

coccus, coccobacilus, bacillus, vibrio, spirillum, spirochete, pleomorphic

coccobacilus

between coccus and bacillus (can look like cocci that are replicating or immature bacillus)

shape of coccus

circle

shape of bacillus

rod

shape of vibrio

comma/ crescent

shape of spirrilium and spirochete

crinkle cut fries

difference between spirillum and spirochete

spirillum= stiff
spirochete= flexible

shape of pleomorphic

no exact shape

Shape of Staphylococcus

coccus

Shape of Chlamydia

coccobacilus

Shape of Escherichia

bacillus

Shape of Cresentus

vibrio

Shape of Camphylobacter

Spirillum

Shape of Borrelia

spirochete

Shape of corynebacterium

pleomorphic

disease caused by borrelia

lyme disease

disease caused by corynebacterium diptherieae

diptherea

filamentous

make hyphae (mycelium)
similar to fungi

bacterial shape for cyanobacteria & streptomyces

filamentous

filamentous bacteria can be confused for…

fungi

complex bacteria shape

create fruiting bodies

Myxococcus is an example of

complex bacteria

Types of Bacterial arrangement: cocci

cocus (1)
diplococci (2)
staphylococci (grape)
streptococci (line)
sarcina (2groups of 4 stacked, cubed)
tetrad (4)

Types of Bacterial arrangement: bacillus

coccobacillus
bacilli (1)
diplobacilli (2)
palisades (fence)
streptobacilli (necklace)

myco usually indicates…

fungi

smallest bacterial size

0.3 micrometers

what is the smallest bacteria?

mycoplasma (0.3 mycoplasma)

Why do mycoplasma only grow inside of other cells?

they do not have a cell wall

average rod size

1.1-1.5×2-6 micrometers

E. coli size

average (very nice personality)

very large bacterial size

600×80 micrometers

epulopiscium fishelsoni bacterial size

very large

size shape relationship

nutrient uptake, protective mechanism from predation, rate of metabolism

transport rate

surface area to volume ratio

True or False: Rods are more efficient than cocci

True

haemophilus inlfuenzae

does not cause the flu, bacteria, tiny hides inside cells, first bacteria to have its whole genome sequenced

more surface area=

more absorption

surface area formula

4πr²

volume formula

4πr³ / 3

surface area to volume ration formula

3 / r

optional layers above the cell membrane in order from inner to outer

peptidolgycan, outer mmebrane (LPS), S layer, capsule/ slime layer

peptidoglycan is unique to which domain of life

bacteria

True or False: All bacteria have peptidoglycan

false

gram positive bacteria have what on top of their cell membrane?

peptidoglycan

gram negative bacteria have what on top of their cell membrane?

peptidoglycan AND LPS (outer membrane)

S layer is found in what type of cellular microorganism?

prokaryotes

envelope

cell membrane and anything above

true or false: eukaryotes cannot have flagella

false

plasmids

double stranded extrachromosomal DNA, can be independent or can become incorporated into the chromosome

ribosome function

bind to mRNA in translation to make polypeptides

examples of cytoskeletal proteins

FtsZ, MreB, CreS, MamK

FtsZ

found in middle of cell, found in many bacteria, tubulin homologue

MreB

coils inside bacteria to give rod shape, actin homologue

CreS

only found on inside of bacteria, maintains curve shape, generally found in addition to MreB, intermediate filament homologue

storage inclusion

saves nutrients, metabolic end products, energy or building blocks for later when these are in abundance

glycogen storage

glucose storage

# of carbons in glucose

6

poly- B- hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

carbon storage

polyphosphate granules

phosphate storage

phosphate role in cell

back bone of DNA and RNA & ATP

sulfur globules

sulfur storage

cyanophycin granules

amino acid storage

used for movement NOT for storage

inclusions

gas vacuoles

used to control buoyancy of cell, moves cell up and down in liquid medium, it is why we resuspend broth samples

magnetosomes

use earth’s magnetic field to find bottom of the ocean, uses MamK granules to control weight distribution of cell based on desired magnetic field strength

bacteria that has magnetosomes

magnetospirillum gryphiwaldense

magnitite particles

magnetosome granules

characteristics of bacterial DNA

generally have one double stranded circular chromosome, haploid (1 copy of chromosome)

plasmid replication

exist and replicate independently of chromosome

categories of plasmids

conjugate plasmids, R plasmids, virulence plasmids, Col plasmids

conjugate plasmids function

used for conjugation (horizontal gene transfer)

R plasmids function

r center ressitance = antibiotic resistance

episome

integrated plasmid into bacterial DNA

virulence plasmid function

makes bacteria more pathogenic

col plasmids function

colasin kills/inhibits neighbors of similar morphology (competition)

plasma membrane

ecompasses cytoplasm

plasma membrane

selectively permeable, outer and inner leaflet, phospholipid (inner= hydrophobic, outer= hydrophillic)

functions of proteins embedded in plasma membrane

interact with external environment, receptors for detection and response to chemical surroundings, transport, metabolism (prokaryotes)

ETC location for bacteria (electron transport chain)

cell membrane

amphipathic lipids

two parts hydrophilic head, hydrophobic tail

integral proteins

embedded in the membrane

transmembrane protein

span across membrane

all transmembrane proteins are integral not all integral are transmembrane