topic 12

Globalization

The worldwide intensification and increased movement of money, people, goods, and ideas within and across borders.

Cultural Change

Ongoing transformation of culture through internal innovations or external influences.

Hybridization

The blending of two or more cultural elements to create a new, hybrid culture.

Cultural Diffusion

The spreading of cultural traits from one culture to another.

Globalization and Colonization

The historical period when European powers colonized other regions for resources, contributing to globalization.

Colonialism

The practice by which states extend political, economic, and military power beyond their borders over an extended period of time.

Triangle Trade

The exchange of enslaved people, sugar, cotton, and furs between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Industrial Revolution

The period of rapid industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries that fundamentally changed economies, technologies, and societies.

Neocolonialism

The continued pattern of unequal economic relations between former colonial powers and their former colonies.

Dependency Theory

A critique of the idea that all nations follow the same trajectory toward development, arguing that less-developed countries remain underdeveloped due to exploitation by wealthier nations.

World Systems Theory

The theory that nations are connected in an economic and political system where wealthy nations exploit poorer ones.

Core

Wealthy, industrialized nations that dominate global systems.

Periphery

Poorer, less-developed nations exploited for raw materials and labor.

Semi-Periphery

Countries that are intermediate in development, between core and periphery.

Multinational Corporations (MNCs)

Corporations that operate in multiple countries, influencing economic and cultural systems.

Neoliberalism

Economic and political ideology that emphasizes the free market, with limited government intervention.

Migration

The movement of people from one place to another, often due to economic, social, or political factors.

Diaspora

The dispersion of a group of people from their original homeland.

Push and Pull Factors

Factors that cause people to leave their country (push) or attract them to a new country (pull).

Bridges and Barriers

The factors that either enable or limit migration.

Labor Immigrants

Individuals who migrate to find low-skill, low-wage jobs.

Circular Migration

The regular movement of people between two or more locations, often for labor purposes.

Refugees

People who are forced to leave their home country due to fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

People who are forced to leave their homes but remain within the borders of their own country.

Development-Induced Displacement

Forced migration caused by large-scale development projects such as dams or infrastructure projects.

Relocation Stress

The psychological and social stress associated with moving to a new location.

Multiculturalism

The coexistence of diverse cultural groups within a society, promoting cultural diversity.

Migration & Human Rights

The human rights concerns that arise with forced migration, displacement, and resettlement.

Acculturation

The process by which a group of people adopts the cultural traits of another group.

Syncretism

The blending of cultural elements from different traditions to create a new culture.