C3.5 Reaction Scheme Vocabulary

Vocabulary based on the C3.5 organic chemistry reaction scheme, covering functional groups, reagents, and reaction types.

1° Amine

An organic functional group that turns red litmus paper blue.

Acid chloride

A highly reactive functional group that undergoes a violent reaction with water.

Aldehyde

A carbonyl compound formed by the oxidation of a primary alcohol under cold conditions with $Cr_2O_7^{2-}/H^+$; it shows a positive reaction to Tollens' and Benedict's reagents.

Ketone

A carbonyl compound formed by the oxidation of a secondary alcohol; it shows no reaction to Tollens' or Benedict's reagents.

$$NaBH_4$$

A reducing agent used to convert aldehydes and ketones back into primary and secondary alcohols.

$Cr_2O_7^{2-}/H^+$ (reflux)

An oxidizing agent and condition used to convert primary alcohols or aldehydes into carboxylic acids, or secondary alcohols into ketones.

$$MnO_4^-/H^+$$

An alternative oxidant used for the oxidation of alcohols or aldehydes.

$PCl_3$, $PCl_5$, or $SO_3Cl_2$ (reflux)

Reagents used to substitute a hydroxyl group with a chlorine atom to form haloalkanes or acid chlorides.

$Alc. KOH$ (reflux)

Reagent and condition used to convert a haloalkane into an alkene via an elimination reaction.

$KOH(aq)$ (reflux)

Reagent and condition used to convert a haloalkane into an alcohol via a substitution reaction.

$Conc. H_2SO_4$ (heat)

A strong acid used to catalyze the dehydration of an alcohol to an alkene or the esterification of a carboxylic acid and alcohol.

Ester

A compound formed from the condensation of a carboxylic acid (or acid chloride) and an alcohol; it can be hydrolyzed back using $H_2O/H^+$ or $NaOH$ (heat).

Amide

A functional group formed by the reaction of an acid chloride with $NH_3$ or an amine.

Condensation Polymerisation

A polymerization process where monomers like di-alcohols and di-carboxylic acids join together, releasing $H_2O$ to form polyesters.

Dipeptide

A molecule formed by the condensation reaction between two amino acids.

Carboxylate ion

The conjugate base of a carboxylic acid, often formed as a salt ($NH_4^+$) when a carboxylic acid reacts with a base.

$H_2$ with $Pt$ or $Ni$ catalyst

Conditions used for the hydrogenation reaction to convert an alkene into an alkane.

$NH_3(alc)$ or $NH_3$ in ethanol

Reagent and solvent used to convert a haloalkane into a primary amine.

$H_2O/H^+$ (heat)

Acidic hydrolysis conditions used to break down esters, amides, or poluners into their constituent carboxylic acids and alcohols/amines.

Br2 / Cl2

Halogens used to convert alkanes to haloalkanes (slow reaction) or alkenes to dihaloalkanes (fast reaction).